<p>Corbit–Sharp House is a historic home located at 118 Main Street in Odessa, Delaware. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967, and is included in the Odessa Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Corbit–Sharp House is a historic house museum that is owned and operated by Historic Houses of Odessa. Furnished for the late 18th century period, the house is one of five historic properties that can be toured. Other properties managed by the organization include the 1769 Wilson–Warner House, 1700 Collins–Sharp House, 1822 Brick Hotel, and 1853 Odessa Bank. Tours are given from March through December.</p><br>
<p>William Corbit, a prominent local tanner, built the Georgian house in 1774. The house remained in the family until 1938, when it was purchased by Rodney Sharp, who restored the house and several other historically significant buildings in the town.</p><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Clach Geala is a Scottish mountain situated 28 kilometres south-southeast of Ullapool in the county of Ross and Cromarty in the Highland council area. It is one of ten Munros located in the group of hills known as the Fannichs.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>With a height of 1093 metres (3586 feet) Sgùrr nan Clach Geala is the second highest of the Fannaichs behind Sgùrr Mòr and is regarded by many as the best peak of the group with its fine east facing corrie and pointed buttresses. The hill is not easily seen from any public road being situated in the centre of the group some eight kilometres from the A832 road to the south. The best views are from nearby mountains with the eastern cliffs being seen to best effect from Sgùrr Mòr across Coire Mòr. The hills name translates from the Gaelic as “Peak of the White Stone”, this refers to an area of light coloured quartzite rocks near the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sgùrr nan Clach Geala stands on a north-south ridge in the western part of the Fannichs along with two other Munros, Meall a Chrasgaidh and Sgùrr nan Each. From a distance the mountain’s north ridge can look difficult to traverse with its craggy buttresses which can give mild scrambling if the edge of the corrie is followed, however there are no real difficulties and any problems can be easily by-passed. This northern ridge drops down to a col with a height of 819 metres called Am Biachdaich (The Feeding Place), named because of the cols rich pastures where deer often feed. From the col the Munros of Meall a&#39; Chrasgaidh and Sgùrr Mòr can be climbed, a small lochan lies on the col. The southern ridge of the mountain connects to the Munro of Sgùrr nan Each, which lies just under two kilometres away across a col with a height of 815 metres.</p><br>
<p>The mountains western slopes are mostly grassy with a few rocky outcrops as they drop down to the valley of the Allt Breabaig. The mountains best geological feature are its eastern cliffs, the highest in the Fannichs which fall 400 metres to the head of Coire Mòr. These Schist cliffs have attracted winter ice climbers with 20 named routes available, the best known being Skyscraper Buttress and Gamma Gully. Drainage from the mountain reaches both coasts of Scotland, rainfall on the west and northern slopes go via the River Broom and Loch Broom to reach the west coast at Ullapool. Drainage from the south and east flank goes south to Loch Fannich to eventually reach the east coast at the Cromarty Firth.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents and summit</h2><br>
<p>The most usual route of ascent approaches from the north starting at a parking spot on the A832 at grid reference and climbs the adjoining Munro of Meall a&#39; Chrasgaidh before climbing Sgùrr nan Clach Geala. Most walkers will continue south from the summit to take in Sgùrr nan Each before returning to the starting point via the Allt Breabaig.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain has the remains of a trig point, it has been vandalised and seems to have been attacked with a sledgehammer, leaving only a quarter of the pillar remaining. The eastern cliffs fall precipitously into Coire Mòr directly from the summit. The view takes in all but one of the Fannichs and is an excellent place to study the geography of the group. There is an excellent view of An Teallach 18 kilometres away to the north west, while the valley of the Allt a‘ Choire Mhoir looks impressive to the south as it flows down to Loch Fannich.</p><br>
<p>The Gallocanta Lake  is an endorheic lake in Aragon, Spain. Falling within the boundaries of two provinces, Teruel and Zaragoza, the lake is located just to the south of Gallocanta village, between the Aragonese comarcas of Campo de Daroca and Comarca del Jiloca. This lake is situated on a high continental plain at an altitude of almost 1,000 m.</p><br>
<p>It lies in a 53,600 ha natural basin known as El Campo de Bello, encircled by the Iberian System mountain ranges of Sierra de Santa Cruz and Sierra de Pardos in the north, Sierra Menera in the south and Sierra del Caldereros in the east. It is an intermittent rain-fed lake, largely dependent on abundant autumnal and spring rains if it is to maintain a sizeable amount of water into the hot summer months. During the summer of 1969 drought the lake dried completely, leaving a crust of salt and remaining dry for a long spell.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Laguna de Gallocanta is one of the most important stopover sites for migrating common cranes in Spain, being able to give shelter to an average population of 20,000 birds at one time. The lake also holds a wide array of wetland birds when its water level permits, while its shores are visited by steppeland birds and raptors.</p><br>
<h3>Protected areas</h3><br>
<p>In the 1970s Gallocanta Lake was designated a National Hunting Reserve (Refugio Nacional de Caza de la Laguna de Gallocanta).</p><br>
<p>In 1994 Gallocanta Lake was declared a Ramsar site, protecting an area of 6,720 ha as a wetland of international importance.</p><br>
<p>The lake has also received designations specifically for its importance to birdlife:</p><br>
<p>it has been declared a Special Protection Area by the European Union.</p><br>
<p>it is an Important Bird Area (IBA). Following an assessment in 2016, the lake was one of a number of sites classed as an IBA in danger in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>There is an interpretation centre with displays on the lake&#39;s geology and wildlife. There are also private initiatives promoting bird tourism.</p><br>
<p>The Austin F. Williams Carriagehouse and House is a historic house at 127 Main Street in Farmington, Connecticut. Built in the mid-19th century, the property was designated a National Historic Landmark for the role it played in the celebrated case of the Amistad Africans, and as a "station" on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Description ahd history</h2><br>
<p>Austin Williams (1805–1885) and his wife Jennet Cowles Williams were abolitionists. Their property first became important in the Amistad case. When the Mende men who had participated in the revolt on the slave ship La Amistad were released from prison in 1841. Williams purchased this property and erected a dormitory building in which the Mende men could stay while awaiting arrangements for their return to Africa. Williams was friends with Lewis Tappan who was assisting the Africans. The structure that was built is now part of the carriage house. The men did agricultural work during this period. In 1842, the Williams&#39;s built their Greek revival house. The cellar of the carriage house served as a hiding place for escaping slaves as a part of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998. It is located at 127 Main Street in Farmington and is part of the Farmington Historic District. The house is a private residence and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>From 1802 to 1921, Eleutherian Mills was a gunpowder mill site used for the manufacture of explosives by the Du Pont family business. The name also refers to the house on the hill above the mills, which was the first Du Pont family home in America. The business was founded by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. In 1952, the site became an outdoor museum and the Hagley Museum and Library was founded.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Broom built a cotton mill on the site in 1795. The mill burned down in 1797 and in 1802 he sold the site, complete with a working dam and millrace to Eleuthère Irénée du Pont, who paid $6,740 for the 95 acre.</p><br>
<p>The first domestic supplies of high-quality gunpowder were made in the US by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. The company was founded in 1802 by E.I. du Pont, two years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution.</p><br>
<p>They set up the Eleutherian gunpowder mill on the Brandywine Creek just north of Wilmington, Delaware, based on gunpowder machinery bought from France and site plans for a gunpowder mill supplied by the French Government. They also built housing for 30 workers.</p><br>
<p>Starting, initially, by reworking damaged gunpowder and refining saltpetre for the US government they quickly moved into gunpowder manufacture.</p><br>
<p>Saltpetre was refined in an area between the house and the mills that now is occupied by a formal garden. Charcoal was produced from the willow trees that lined the Brandywine.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1804, DuPont had sold 39,000 pounds of powder; the following year sales tripled. The federal government and John Jacob Astor&#39;s American Fur Company became regular customers. In 1813 the Hagley property, just downstream from the original mills, was purchased, doubling the size and capacity of the mills. Sales grew during the Mexican-American War and the Crimean War. During the American Civil War, the firm sold 4,000,000 barrels of powder to the federal government.</p><br>
<p>A major explosion killed 33 people in 1818. Another major explosion occurred on the site in 1847. In 1854 three gunpowder wagons exploded in the city of Wilmington.</p><br>
<h2>The site</h2><br>
<p>The mill buildings used in the manufacture of gunpowder were built with strong stone-walled structures on three sides; but were only covered by light wood structures on the fourth side, which faced out onto the Brandywine Creek. When an accident occurred, the explosion was directed away from the other mills and storage areas and over the creek.</p><br>
<p>Water power was provided from a mill race behind the mills, thus further isolating the mills in case of accident. One water wheel was often used to provide power to two mills. Water turbines were introduced in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Victor du Pont acquired additional property, down stream from the Eleutherian Mills, to add to the manufacturing site. One of these properties was called Hagley, and it became known as the Hagley Yard.</p><br>
<p>Most of the industrial remains are located in the Hagley Yard. The mills were used in the purification, crushing, and mixing of charcoal, sulfur, and saltpeter. Other mills in the complex were used for glazing and corning, making metal powder kegs, and in cotton and woolen manufacturing. Stables, offices, a machine shop, and a steam powerhouse from the late 19th century also were located in the complex, as was a narrow gauge railway.</p><br>
<h2>Rundown and closure</h2><br>
<p>After the introduction of smokeless powder, the mills were to be closed in the 1910s, but were kept open at the request of the federal government until after the end of World War I.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 family members donated 185 acre of land and the DuPont company established a $6,000,000 endowment for the Eleutherian Mill-Hagley Foundation for a museum of industrial history.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>It is located on Delaware Route 141 at the Tyler Mcconnell Bridge spanning the Brandywine Creek.</p><br>
<p>Odessa Historic District is a national historic district located at Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware. It encompasses 82 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas in the shipping and trading center of Odessa. It includes a mix of commercial and residential buildings primarily dating to the 18th and 19th century. The oldest building is the Collins-Sharp House . Other notable buildings include the Judge Lore House , Brick Hotel , the Davis Store , Cyrus Polk House , Zoar ME Church , Wilson-Warner House, Academy building , Redmens Hall, and Old St. Pauls Methodist Episcopal parsonage. Also located in the district and separately listed are the Appoquinimink Friends Meetinghouse, Corbit-Sharp House, and Old St. Paul&#39;s Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, then increased in 1984.</p><br>
<p>301 High St. Odessa DE.JPG301 High St.</p><br>
<p>Cantwells Tavern Odessa DE.JPGCantwells Tavern</p><br>
<p>Old bank on Main Odessa DE.JPGBank on Main St.</p><br>
<p>Old Academy Odessa DE.JPGOld Academy</p><br>
<p>Kolosovykh Island  is an island, in the Kara Sea off the coast of Siberia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kolosovykh Island is located north of the Kolosovykh Peninsula, which is almost an island itself. The islands shore is deeply indented with two deep bays on both sides of a narrow 1.2 km wide isthmus that joins the northern from the southern part of the island. Ostrov Bolshoy, a fairly large island with a diameter of 3 km, is located in the eastern bay. Kolosovykh has an average height of 13 m above sea level. and is separated from the mainland by a 2 km wide sound. Geologically Kolosovykh Island is part of the Minina Skerries a coastal archipelago forming a complex structure that includes the Plavnikovyye Islands further south.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of the island is 85 m high Gora Kolosovykh Hill.</p><br>
<p>The sea surrounding Kolosovykh Island is covered with fast ice in the winter and the climate is severe, with bitter and long winters. The waters off the shores are often obstructed by pack ice even in the summer.</p><br>
<p>This island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<p>Ostrov Bol&#39;shoy (Big Island), a fairly large island with a diameter of 3 km, located in the eastern bay at (74&deg;51&prime;N latitude, 86&deg;51&prime;E longitude).</p><br>
<p>Popova-Chukchina Island, located at the western end of the western bay north of Kolosovykh Island&#39;s westernmost point at (74&deg;56&prime;N latitude, 86&deg;19&prime;E longitude).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1937 the Arctic Institute of the USSR organized an expedition to investigate the Northern Sea Route in the Kara Sea.</p><br>
<p>Relics of the ill-fated 1912-13 Vladimir Rusanov’s expedition on ship Gerkules were found on Popova-Chukchina Island located west of Kolosovykh Island.</p><br>
<p>Jerdone Castle is a plantation located in Bumpass, Virginia, dating from 1742. Jerdone Castle is a Virginia Historic Landmark and registered on the USA National Register of Historical Places. Originally 1,100 acre, much of the plantation&#39;s original land is submerged under Lake Anna. The estate currently contains 125 acre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest section of Jerdone Castle was built in 1742 by Francis Jerdone who came to Louisa County from Scotland in 1740. In addition to expanding his original landholdings and building a residence, Jerdone operated stores, mills, and a forge. The later main section of the house was built in 1853 for Francis Jerdones descendent Sarah Jerdone Coleman and her husband, Gen. Clayton Coleman. The structures generous size is emphasized by an Italianate bracketed cornice and cupola. In 1879 the estate was purchased by Frank T. Glasgow of Richmond, father of the author Ellen Glasgow. Ellen Glasgow spent her childhood summers at Jerdone Castle, which she later said greatly influenced her writing. In the fourth chapter of The Woman Within, entitled "I Become a Writer," Miss Glasgow describes lying in the meadow at Jerdone Castle and coming to the realization that writing was to be her future (VLR 280).</p><br>
<p>The Louisa County, Virginia, Historical Society documents that on June 10, 1791, President George Washington was an overnight visitor at Jerdone Castle. Washingtons wife Martha was a close friend of Francis Jerdones wife Sarah. Papers from the Jerdone family, including life at and the maintenance of Jerdone Castle, can be found in the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Biographical note</h2><br>
<p>Francis Jerdone was born in Jedburgh in the Shire of Tivotdale, Scotland on January 30, 1721. He was the son of John Jerdone, a magistrate and treasurer of the town. At the age of nineteen, he immigrated to Virginia from Scotland and settled in Hanover County, Yorktown; and later in Louisa County. He made his living as a merchant (factor), running a mercantile business with George Pottie until his death in 1771.</p><br>
<p>He owned plantations in Hanover, York, Louisa and Albemarle Counties in Virginia. His Albemarle plantation is now the old part of the Clubhouse at Farmington Country Club. His wife, Sarah (Macon) Jerdone, (1731–1818) was born in Virginia. Their sons included Francis Jerdone II, 1756–1841; John Jerdone, 1764–1786; and William, 1769-1772. Their daughters included Mary, b. 1754; Sarah, 1757–1793; Elizabeth, 1759–1830; Isabella, 1761–1825; Anne, 1763–1794; and Martha, b. 1767. Elizabeth was the wife of Alexander Macauley, a merchant of Yorktown, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>His son, Francis Jerdone II, was a planter of Louisa County, Virginia. He was born on February 9, 1756 in Louisa County, Virginia, and died on April 29, 1841 in Louisa County, Virginia. His wife, Mary "Polly" Byars, was born on December 2, 1771 in Louisa County, Virginia; died March 12, 1821 in Louisa County, Virginia. She was the daughter of Captain John Byars.</p><br>
<p>Francis and Mary&#39;s sons included John Jerdone, a planter of Spotsylvania County, Virginia. John was born October 11, 1800 in Louisa County, Virginia and died on December 2, 1863 in Henderson, Kentucky. This family were the absentee landowners of Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia. He married Barbara Ann Callis on November 30, 1830 in Louisa County, Virginia. Barbara Ann Callis, born February 25, 1814 in Louisa Co., Virginia; died December 9, 1890 in Henderson, Kentucky. She was the daughter of William Overton Callis and Anne Price.</p><br>
<p>Francis Jerdone, III, b. 1802, a planter of Orange County; and William Jerdone, b. 1805, a planter of New Kent County, Virginia. Daughters of Francis Jerdone II included Sarah Jerdone Coleman and Mary Jerdone Toler.</p><br>
<p>Stancliffe Hall is a grade II Listed building on Whitworth Road in the settlement of Darley Dale, near Matlock, Derbyshire.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1817, Magna Britannia reported that</p><br>
<p>Herbert Greensmith Beard was living there in 1792 when he passed on manuscripts from the Columbell family which were made for Roger Columbell of Darley Hall who died in 1605 (which confirm the Magna Britannia version). That document records that Herbert Greensmith sold the hall in 1799 to William Heathcote for ten and a half thousand pounds. Heathcote was then in Batavia in the colony of Demarara. Heathcote&#39;s brother, John Heathcote and his family were living there in 1817. John died unmarried on 13 January 1821 aged 72 and left the Hall to his nephew Andrew Heathcote Shepley. Andrew changed his name to Andrew Heathcote Heathcote and was the principal owner of land in Darley holding 550 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Whitworth</h2><br>
<p>Stancliffe Hall was bought in 1854 and again built, of stone, by the engineer Joseph Whitworth in the Tudor style. The gardens were designed by Edward Milner; the architect for the 1872 renovation was T. Roger Smith, followed in 1879 by Edward Middleton Barry. A noted feature was the rockery, which Sir Joseph Whitworth had constructed out of a sandstone quarry.</p><br>
<p>It is reputed that Joseph Whitworth&#39;s wife died in an accident in a lift in the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the hall was the property of Lady Whitworth, but it was occupied by Alfred Clay.</p><br>
<h2>Stancliffe Hall School</h2><br>
<p>Early in the 20th century, the site became a private school with many scholars pre-1911 originating from Llandaff in Wales. The school was founded by the Rev. Ernest Owen who had been the headmaster of Llandaff School. Owen was renowneed as an outstanding headmaster who believed in honour and that no boy ever left his schools.</p><br>
<h3>Noted students and staff</h3><br>
<p>Hugh Trevor-Roper suffered four terms here</p><br>
<p>Pete Atkin taught here briefly in 1964</p><br>
<p>Ken Wiwa, journalist, went here aged 10.</p><br>
<p>Robin Sterndale-Bennett, Naval Commander and great grandson of William Sterndale Bennett</p><br>
<h2>In literature and film</h2><br>
<p>The hall was mentioned briefly in An Elegy written in 1672 by Leonard Wheatcroft. More recently after Stancliffe Hall School closed in 2001 the site was used to film Stig of the Dump which was released in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The West Dickson Street Commercial Historic District, known as Dickson Street , is an area in downtown Fayetteville, Arkansas just off the University of Arkansas campus. It is lined with multiple bars, restaurants, and shops unique to the area. Many large condo projects are now under construction as well. Dickson Street is home to the Walton Arts Center, and serves as the focal point of the Bikes, Blues, and BBQ bike festival, the third largest bike rally in the nation.</p><br>
<p>Dickson Street is widely considered as one of the two most popular entertainment districts in the state, along with the River Market district in downtown Little Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Eponym</h2><br>
<p>Dickson Street is named for Joseph L. Dickson, who arrived in Fayetteville in the 1840s. The move was in response to his father, Ephraim Dickson, receiving a promotion to United States Land Registrar by President James K. Polk. Dickson first lived on the Fayetteville square before buying a 20 acre parcel on the north edge of town, moving himself and his wife to present day Dickson Street. The American Civil War forced the Dicksons to flee to Texas, and their home was used as a field hospital during the Battle of Fayetteville. The Dicksons returned to Fayetteville after the war, but Joseph Dickson died of tuberculosis in 1868.</p><br>
<h2>Street history</h2><br>
<p>Dickson Street was a part of the Arkansas Highway System until the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department abandoned the route on April 13, 1955. The designation changed when Highway 16 was rerouted onto Maple Street and Razorback Road.</p><br>
<p>The Buttolph–Williams House is a historic house museum at 249 Broad Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. Built in 1711, it is one of the oldest surviving houses in the town. It is owned by Connecticut Landmarks, a historic preservation organization, and is open for regular tours between May and October. it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968 for its significance as an extremely well-preserved example of early colonial architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Buttolph–Williams House is a 2-1/2 story timber frame structure, three bays wide and one deep, with a steeply pitched side-gable roof and a large central chimney. A 1-1/2 story addition, with its own chimney, extends to the rear of the house. The main entrance, centered on the front facade, is unadorned. The other bays of the main facade are filled with diamond-pane windows that are a reconstruction of the original size and placement of windows when the house was built. The upper story hangs over the lower one by a few inches, built in a way that indicates it is a false overhang done for decorative rather than architectural reasons. The siding is reproduction split wood siding, manufactured in the 20th century using techniques similar to those employed at the turn of the 18th century. The interior has also undergone a careful restoration, and now houses furnishings and artifacts appropriate to the period of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Although once thought to have been built between 1692 and 1698,</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer House is a historic house museum in Stonington, Connecticut, built in 1852&ndash;54. The house is a transitional style between the Greek revival and the Victorian Italianate.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer House is set on a point of land separating Quanaduck Cove from Lambert Cove to the north of Stonington Borough, the townships coastal village. It occupies a 4 acre plot of land, all that is left of extensive Palmer family holdings. It is a roughly square wood frame structure, three bays wide and 2-1/2 stories in height, with a kitchen ell. The roof is hipped, with a gable at the center of each facade. At the center of the roof is an octagonal cupola with windows providing a 360-degree view. The main entrance is sheltered by a flat-roof portico supported by pairs of fluted and tapered Corinthian columns, with paired paneled pilasters flanking the double door. The windows on the main facade are framed by molded cornices with consoles. Roof lines of the main roof, portico, and cupola have dentil-like consoles and brackets. The interior of the house follows a central hall plan, with four rooms on each floor. The public rooms have particularly well-executed plaster, woodwork, and marble decoration. Of particular note is the captains study on the ground floor, which features built-in cabinetry with shelving for nautical charts with mahogany-veneered paneled doors.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Nathaniel Palmer and his brother Alexander in 1852-54, and was Palmer&#39;s home until his death in 1877. He died childless, and left the property to his niece and nephew-in-law; it remained in the hands of their descendants until 1977. The house was threatened with demolition in the early 1990s, and was purchased by the Stonington Historical Society in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Palmer was born into a seafaring family, and made his first voyage at the age of 14. Stonington was a center of the seal-hunting trade, which Palmer was drawn to in 1819. In the following year he was assigned to captain a small sloop (about half the size of Christopher Columbus ship the Niña) which served as the tender and exploratory vanguard of a fleet of seven larger sealers. During an ocean voyage covering about 100,000 nmi, Palmer on November 17, 1820 sighted the Antarctic Peninsula, and area that came to be called Palmer Land. Palmers role in the discovery is further commemorated in the name of the American research station, Palmer Station. In his later years Palmer engaged in the design of faster sailing vessels, designing a prototypical clipper ship in 1843 while on a trading journey to China. Built the following year, the Houqua made the journey from New York City to Canton, China in a record 95 days.</p><br>
<p>The Charles H. Norton House, also known as Sharpenhoe, is a historic house at 132 Redstone Hill in Plainville, Connecticut. Built in 1922, this brick Georgian Revival house was the home of inventor and machinist Charles Hotchkiss Norton , a Plainville native, from 1922 until his death. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Norton, who designed heavy-duty precision grinding machines important for development of the automobile industry.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Sharpenhoe, as it was called by Norton, is a two-story brick structure with a hip roof and three chimneys. The main facade is six bays in width, with windows of varying sizes in most of the bays. The right-center bay on both floors is taken up by a single double-casement window with a round-arch top, while the first floor of the left-center bay has the main entrance. The door is topped by a half-round transom window, and is sheltered by a gable-roof portico supported by columns and pilasters. Three gable-roof dormers pierce the front of the roof, while another dormer is worked between the two chimneys on the right side, with round-arch decorative brickwork. The building is not of particular architectural significance; its designer and builder are not known.</p><br>
<p>Charles Norton was born in Plainville to a cabinetmaker in 1851, and apprenticed at the Seth Thomas Clock Company at age 15. He worked there until he was 35, rising to manager, and mastering the principles of the manufacture of interchangeable parts. He was then employed in Providence, Rhode Island at Brown & Sharpe, where he mastered the manufacture of precision grinding equipment. In his later years he applied this expertise broadly to all manner of manufacturing processes, with particular emphasis on the nascent automobile industry in the early decades of the 20th century. Sharpenhoe is the home to which he retired, and where he spent the last 20 years of his life.</p><br>
<p>The Advance Thresher/Emerson-Newton Implement Company buildings in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, are a pair of buildings designed by Kees and Colburn. The two buildings are united under a common cornice and appear to be a single structure. However, the two buildings were actually built four years apart. The Advance Thresher Company building was built in 1900 and has six floors. The adjacent Emerson-Newton Plow Company building was built in 1904 and has seven floors.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of the buildings was influenced by Louis Sullivan. They are ornamented with terra cotta details that are more Classical Revival in nature. The buildings were renovated into offices in the 1980s. They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in architecture for exemplifying the Sullivanesque style influencing large industrial and commercial buildings at the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Russell Henry Chittenden House is a historic house at 83 Trumbull Street in New Haven, Connecticut. Built in the 1880s, it was the longtime home of Russell Henry Chittenden, who lived there from 1887 to his death in 1943. Chittenden, known as the "father of American biochemistry", was a professor at Yale University, and the house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975 in recognition of his importance.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chittenden House is an irregularly shaped three-story brick structure with Queen Anne elements. It has projecting gabled sections, including a shingled projecting square turret at one corner. It has tall chimneys with corbelling and molded caps at the top. Although its interior has been remodeled to accommodate multiple units, the alterations retained much of the original interior decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by Russell Henry Chittenden in 1887, probably from its builder, and was to remain his home until his death in 1943. Chittenden was born in New Haven in 1856, and studied chemistry at Yale. On a trip to Germany in 1878 to study with leading German chemists he became interested in the chemistry of digestion, which would become a lifelong study. He became a professor at Yale in 1882, and headed a laboratory in which the study of physiology and chemistry were combined. His principal innovations revolved around developing techniques and an understanding of the digestive process, in particular the role enzymes played in the breakdown of complex protein molecules. He also made early strides in the field of nutrition, setting the stage for later developments in that area. His influence also extended to the school itself, building one of the finest biochemistry departments in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station  is the Connecticut state government&#39;s agricultural experiment station, a state government component that engages in scientific research and public outreach in agriculture and related fields. It is the oldest state experiment station in the United States, having been founded in 1875. Its official mission is to "develop, advance, and disseminate scientific knowledge, improve agricultural productivity and environmental quality, protect plants, and enhance human health and well-being through research for the benefit of Connecticut residents and the nation." The station operates a main research campus in New Haven, a research farm in Hamden, a satellite research facility and farm in Windsor, and a research farm in Griswold.</p><br>
<h2>Historic campus in New Haven</h2><br>
<p>The experiment station&#39;s main facility in the Prospect Hill area of New Haven dates from 1882 when it became the permanent home of the first state agricultural experiment station.</p><br>
<p>However, by 1882, the station needed more space, and Sheffield needed its space back. A 5 acre property at the top of Prospect Hill was purchased and buildings built, using a $25,000 appropriation from the state legislature. The buildings include the Osborne Library, built in 1882-83 and believed to be the oldest building at any state agricultural experimental station, and the Johnson Laboratory, which has notably large brackets supporting its wide overhanging eaves.</p><br>
<p>The station was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, recognizing its significance as the first state agricultural station in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The main campus in New Haven currently houses the activities of six departments: Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Genetics, Entomology, Environmental Sciences, Forestry and Horticulture and Plant Pathology and Ecology.</p><br>
<h2>Recent research activities</h2><br>
<h3>Analytical Chemistry</h3><br>
<p>The founding department of the Station, Analytical Chemistry began its work in 1875 testing fertilizer and later seeds, animal feed, human foods, drugs, and pesticides. This work continues today, and is organized into two categories: food safety and environmental monitoring. The department works with State and Federal agencies to improve pesticide and toxin screening of food sold in Connecticut. The department also has the capability to test for environmental contaminants and toxins in toys and other consumer products at very low concentrations. They test soils for heavy metals, and are investigating the cycling of organic pollutants in the environment, with an emphasis on phytoremediation issues. Additional investigations on the impact of nanoparticles on agricultural crops and on the potential contamination of the food chain are also being undertaken. Work has also been conducted in collaboration with Biochemistry and Genetics as well as colleagues from the Valley Laboratory to investigate which seed crops are best suited for the production of biodiesel in Connecticut. Recently, the department has been working with the US FDA on the testing of seafood from the Gulf of Mexico for chemical by-products of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.</p><br>
<h3>Biochemistry and Genetics</h3><br>
<p>Biochemistry research began at the station in 1888 with the appointment of Thomas B. Osborne and Samuel W. Johnson to study plant proteins. Today, the department focuses largely on plant genetics to identify and clone beneficial plant genes to improve crop species. Recent work includes the control of soil-borne pests by cloning genes from plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) that enable plants to protect their roots from nematodes. Work is also conducted on elucidating the genetic basis for photosynthetic performance in plant leaves (10). Furthermore, the department helps protect honeybee colonies by developing early-detection tests for American Foulbrood(AFB) disease, and establish protocols to control the causal bacterium. This department was blended with other departments starting in 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Entomology</h3><br>
<p>The department is continuing its pioneering research on Lyme disease and its vector in Connecticut, the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis); biological control of ticks using the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae; and has developed new testing methods for tick-borne illnesses in humans, wildlife and domesticated animals. Every year, thousands of ticks are sent in from around the state to be tested for disease agents. The department also conducts research on the biology and control of exotic insects, including the invasive Asian long-horned beetle and emerald ash borer, looking at the chemistry of tree selection and mating behavior. The Entomology department supports agricultural production in Connecticut with integrated pest management (IPM) efforts, helping reduce pesticide use.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental Sciences</h3><br>
<p>The Experiment Station has conducted research on mosquitoes and the diseases they carry since 1909. This work is carried on today within the Environmental Sciences Department (formerly “Soil and Water”). Mosquitoes are collected from around the state of Connecticut then tested for West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis and other disease-causing agents. Researchers have also undertaken an effort to map the distribution of invasive aquatic plants within the state and investigate methods to control their growth and spread. Scientists are also conducting research on Phytoremediation, which focuses on the ability of certain cucurbit species to remove persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as PCBs and DDT from soil. The department also tests soil samples sent in by Connecticut businesses and residents.</p><br>
<h3>Forestry and Horticulture</h3><br>
<p>New crops suited to Connecticut (such as Chinese cabbage, calabaza, and heirloom tomatoes as well as cultivars of wine grapes and different viticulture methods are being investigated. Scientists have also studied white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) behavior in hopes of keeping these animals away from highways to prevent vehicle-deer collisions, and to reduce damage to tree saplings, crops, and gardens. The department has surveyed certain forest plots every decade since 1927 (with the exception of 1947), providing information about how forests change over long periods of time. Researchers have also investigated techniques for crop-tree management that both increases yields and improves forest health. Department scientists are currently investigating the association of Japanese barberry (an invasive shrub), white-footed mice, and Ixodes ticks that carry the Lyme disease organism and other human pathogens in the state’s forests, and cost-effective means to control invasive plant species.</p><br>
<h3>Plant Pathology and Ecology</h3><br>
<p>The plant pathology and ecology department works to expand knowledge of ecological interactions of plants, pathogens, and their environment to develop management strategies for plant pathogens with minimal use of pesticides. Current research includes investigating the causes of Sudden Vegetation Dieback of coastal salt marshes; breeding blight-resistant American chestnut trees for timber and nut production; modeling epidemics of powdery mildew of grapevines, and investigating the genetic structure in natural populations of a fungus causing perennial cankers of birch. The department is also the official seed testing laboratory for the state of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Valley Laboratory</h3><br>
<p>Previously referred to as the “Tobacco Substation,” the Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT has a long history of improving the cultivation of tobacco leaves in Connecticut for use as fine cigar wrappers. The “Tobacco Laboratory,” (now simply the Valley Laboratory) building was completed in 1941. Today, research covers areas such as the production of biofuel crops, invasive plant management, developing integrated pest management (IPM) methods for Connecticut nurseries, and management of the exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).</p><br>
<h3>Lockwood Farm</h3><br>
<p>The research farm is named after William Raymond Lockwood. He was a resident of Norwalk, CT who willed his estate to CAES, proceeds from the sale of which went towards the purchase of 20 acres of land in the Mount Carmel area of Hamden, CT in 1909(12). During the mid-twentieth century, James G. Horsfall (former Station Director) used the farm to test organically-derived fungicides as a replacement for the heavy metals used to treat plant diseases at the time. Since 1931, the farm managers have taken daily, systematic weather measurements which provide information that can be used to study Connecticut’s climate. Many plant varieties and growing methods are tested. Every year in August the farm hosts the annual Plant Science Day.</p><br>
<h3>Griswold Research Center</h3><br>
<p>The most recent addition to the CT Agricultural Experiment Station’s holdings, Griswold Research Center, encompasses 14 acres of farmland in Griswold, CT and an additional parcel of forest in the adjacent town of Voluntown, CT. Transferred from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in 2008, current activities on the property include studies of cold-hardy grape vine varieties, the cultivation of rapeseed for biofuel production and the biocontrol of soil nematodes. There is also an office for the State Bee Inspector, who monitors Connecticut’s honeybee populations.</p><br>
<h2>Station directors</h2><br>
<p>The station has had just nine directors during its history:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Wilbur Olin Atwater (1875–1877)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Samuel William Johnson (1877–1900)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Edward H. Jenkins (1900–1922)</p><br>
<p>Dr. William L. Slate (1923–1947)</p><br>
<p>Dr. James G. Horsfall (1948–1971)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Paul E. Waggoner (1972–1987)</p><br>
<p>Dr. John F. Anderson (1987–2004)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Louis A. Magnarelli (2004–2013)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Theodore G. Andreadis (2013–present)</p><br>
<h2>Notable scientific contributions</h2><br>
<h3>Amino acids and the discovery of vitamins</h3><br>
<p>In 1909 station chemist Thomas B. Osborne began collaborating with Lafayette Mendel of Yale University to test the nutritive value of the proteins that Osborne had isolated from crop seeds.</p><br>
<p>Through feeding trials with albino rats, they determined that the type and quality of protein actually was more important to growth than quantity. They found that certain amino acids were lacking in the proteins isolated from grains. For example, when rats were given only zein, found in corn, as their protein source in an otherwise complete diet, their health declined and they died. This occurred because zein lacks the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. When the researchers added tryptophan to the isolated zein, rats were able to survive but did not grow. When both tryptophan and lysine were added, the rats both survived and grew rapidly. Osborne and Mendel also found that the gliadin, the protein found in wheat was lacking certain amino acids, and that like corn, these deficiencies could be amended by combining grain foods with animal proteins such as eggs or milk. This experiment demonstrated that animals need to acquire certain amino acids from food, which are now referred to as the essential amino acids.</p><br>
<p>In their study of proteins, Osborne and Mendel also aided in the discovery of vitamins. During their feeding trials, they noticed that young rats fed diets with sufficient carbohydrate (in the form of wheat flour) and purified protein, but with vegetable fats or lard instead of butter grew and developed normally for around eighty days, then suddenly began to decline in health and weight then soon died. Many of the animals also developed sore eyes or even ulcers on their eyeballs. Something other than carbohydrates, fats and complete proteins was missing from this artificial diet. When a small amount of butter was added to the feed mixture, the afflicted rats soon recovered completely and continued growing. Whole-milk powder also had the same effect on rat growth. In 1913, the Station’s Annual Report stated that “experiments have shown that some still unknown substance is essential to growth and that this unknown substance is present in milk. Much work is being done in an effort to discover an isolate this substance.” As it turns out, this substance was Vitamin A. Concurrently with Osborne and Mendel, Elmer V. McCollum (a former student of Osborne) and Marguerite Davis at the University of Wisconsin were obtaining similar results, and although the scientists submitted their report for publication several weeks prior to the Station scientists, it is clear that both parties discovered vitamins independently.</p><br>
<h3>Development of hybrid corn</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Station scientists Edward M. East and Herbert K. Hayes began attempts to improve the quality and yield of corn (Zea mays) through selective breeding and hybridization. In 1906, East realized that steps to prevent self- and close-fertilization made it easier to select for desirable traits (such as large ear size) when breeding. Hayes and East later found described that a cross, or hybrid, between two inbred varieties of corn produced offspring that was more vigorous, larger and hardier that both of the parents, but this improvement was lost over successive inbred generations.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Donald F. Jones arrived at the station at the age of twenty-five, and began to build upon the work of East and Hayes. By 1917, he had published his theory of “heterosis,” which explained the increased vigor and yield observed in hybrid maize. The same year, he created a double-cross hybrid corn by breeding two separate hybrid individuals. This new cross descended from four distinct inbred lines, and was even more vigorous than either of its parents. However, like the single-cross hybrid, this improvement was lost over subsequent generations of inbreeding. Jones published his double-cross method in 1919, and began actively promoting the technique as a means to improve corn production nationally: “it is something that may easily be taken up by seedsmen; in fact, it is the first time in agricultural history that a seedsman is enabled to gain full benefit from a desirable origination of his own… The utilization of first generation hybrids enables to originator to keep the parental types and give out only the crossed seeds, which are less valuable for continued propagation.”</p><br>
<p>Because corn is a self-fertilizing plant, the prevention of inbreeding when producing hybrid seeds required time-consuming detasseling. In the 1940s and 50’s, Jones collaborated with Paul Mangelsdorf of Harvard University to eliminate the need to remove the tassels from plants in seed production through utilizing a sterile plant and male restorer gene, making the production of corn more cost-efficient.</p><br>
<h3>"Morgan" method of soil testing</h3><br>
<p>Dr. M. F. Morgan, Chief of Soils Department for twenty years, developed a method that still bears his name to test for soil nutrients that are available to plants using weak acids. This test was able to estimate deficiencies or excesses of plant nutrients in soil. Dr. Morgan was also a Lieutenant Colonel in the USA Army during World War II, and was killed in action on the Leyte Island in the Philippines in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s soil test became the world’s first widely accepted method for efficiently estimating soil fertility, and is still in use today.</p><br>
<h3>Tick-borne diseases</h3><br>
<p>In 1975, there was a cluster of juvenile arthritis patients in the towns of Lyme and Old Lyme, CT, and scientists at the Station were among the first to determine that this disease was carried by ticks. After this discovery, scientists at the Station, including John F. Anderson and Louis A. Magnarelli (former and current Station Directors, respectively) along with collaborators from other institutions were able to isolate and identify the spirochete that causes Lyme disease in humans. Scientists at the Station were also instrumental in developing antibody tests to identify patients infected with Lyme disease agent as well as other tick-borne illnesses such as human granulocytic erlichiosis and babesiosis.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline of significant events</h2><br>
<p>1875: The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station is established; the first in the United States, and precursor for the nation’s industrial research laboratories; founded twenty-five years prior to the General Electric laboratories, which was the first of its kind.</p><br>
<p>1882: The Station moves to its current location on Huntington Street in New Haven, land purchased from the Eli Whitney, Jr. family</p><br>
<p>1890: Dr. Roland Thaxter, botanist at the Station, determines the cause of potato scab (an actinomycete that infects tubers).</p><br>
<p>1900: Sumatran tobacco was planted under cloth canopies in Connecticut in an effort to simulate Sumatra’s tropical climate. The resulting shade grown tobacco was considered second to none for making cigar wrappers and consequently revolutionized the industry in the Connecticut Valley.</p><br>
<p>1903: State entomologist William E. Britton and G. P. Clinton issue the first pesticide “spray</p><br>
<p>calendar” to be used by Connecticut farmers.</p><br>
<p>1905: The first gypsy moth discovered in Connecticut was found in Stonington, CT by E. Frensch of Mystic, CT. A female specimen, collected on July 25, was given to W. E. Britton and is still present in the Station’s insect collection.</p><br>
<p>1907: Chestnut blight first seen in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1913: Thomas B. Osborne, chemist at the Station, and Lafayette B. Mendel of Yale University</p><br>
<p>demonstrate with rat feeding studies that animals require twenty essential amino acids in their</p><br>
<p>diet, and identify a “yellow substance” in butterfat vital for animal growth, which turned out to</p><br>
<p>be Vitamin A</p><br>
<p>1917: The first hybrid corn using a four-way cross made by geneticist Donald F. Jones. He also publishes the theory of “heterosis” to explain hybrid vigor in corn.</p><br>
<p>1919: Jones invents a double cross pollination method, which allows for commercial production of hybrid corn.</p><br>
<p>1921: The Valley Laboratory established in Windsor, CT (called Tobacco Substation at the time).</p><br>
<p>1933: Dutch elm disease was found in extreme southwestern Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1938: First report of X-disease of peach in the USA by E. M. Stoddard</p><br>
<p>1942: Dr. M. F. Morgan, developer of the Morgan method of soil testing and Chief of the Soils Department, was killed in action in the Philippines during World War II.</p><br>
<p>1949: A. E. Dimond developed an injectable chemotherapy to treat Dutch elm disease.</p><br>
<p>1960: R.C. Wallis of the Station and collaborators isolated a virus that causes encephalitis from Aedes vexans, mosquitoes found in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>1969: EPIDEM, the first computer simulation for development of a disease epidemic, was developed by P. E. Waggoner and J. G. Horsfall for early blight on tomato and potato.</p><br>
<p>1975: Biological control of chestnut blight was demonstrated using hypovirulence, which was associated with dsRNA transmitted by hyphal anastomosis.</p><br>
<p>1983: John F. Anderson, Louis A. Magnarelli (Station Director and Deputy Director, respectively, at the time) along with colleagues from Yale University and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, are able to isolated the causative agent of Lyme disease (the spirochete Borrelia burdorferi) from Ixodes ticks, a raccoon, and a white-footed mouse.</p><br>
<p>1989: T.G. Andreadis and R. M. Weseloh discover the fungus that caused the collapse of gypsy</p><br>
<p>moth populations.</p><br>
<p>1994: S. L. Anagnostakis is given the first permit to release a genetically recombinant biocontrol</p><br>
<p>agent into a Connecticut forest in an attempt to control chestnut blight disease.</p><br>
<p>1995: Magnarelli, Anderson and collaborators from Yale University, Johns Hopkins University, and University of Minnesota demonstrated that patients with Lyme disease also had antibodies to organisms that cause babesiosis and ehrlichiosis; Magnarelli, K.C. Stafford and scientists from the Johns Hopkins University and University of Rhode Island detected the DNA of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ticks.</p><br>
<p>2005: The Department of Analytical Chemistry was selected through a competitive process as one of eight state laboratories across the country to receive funding from the United States Food and Drug Administration as a participant in the FERN (Food Emergency Response Network).</p><br>
<p>2009: The Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases is established at the Station. This joint venture between the Entomology and Environmental Sciences Departments aims to better understand the biology of arthropod-borne diseases and the organisms that transmit them.</p><br>
<p>2010: New methods developed to test seafood from the Gulf of Mexico for contamination with petroleum-related chemicals.</p><br>
<p>2011: Department of Entomology scientists make the first identification of the Emerald Ash Borer in CT</p><br>
<p>2012: The Plant Disease Information Office scientific staff make the first positive identification of Boxwood Blight in CT</p><br>
<p>2012: The Department of Analytical Chemistry, in conjunction with the US Food and Drug Administration, tests food from the Democratic and Republican National Conventions for toxins and poisons</p><br>
<p>2013: Valley Laboratory Scientists are awarded a US Patent on the disease-resistant “Rubicon” strawberry</p><br>
<p>2014: The Station Board of Control establishes the Louis A. Magnarelli Post-Doctoral Fellowship Program</p><br>
<p>2015: Opened the renovated and addition to the new Jenkins-Waggoner Laboratory January 2015</p><br>
<p>The James Dwight Dana House, also known as the Dana House, is a historic 19th-century Italianate house at 24 Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut, in the United States. This building, designed by New Haven architect Henry Austin, was the home of Yale University geology professor James Dwight Dana . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with Dana, who produced the first published works emphasizing that the study of geology was a much broader discipline than the examination of individual rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dana House consists of three roughly rectangular painted brick sections, 2-1/2 stories in height, with a low-pitch hip roof. The main block, apparently adapted from a stock pattern by New Haven architect Henry Austin, has a three-bay front facade, with a single-story porch extending across its width, supported by turned posts. The building&#39;s roof has typical Italianate wide eaves, with a wooden soffit and corbelled brickwork arches underneath. A square cupola rises above the main block. Additions on 1896 and 1905 extended the house to the north and east, stylistically sympathetic to the main block. The interior has retained much of its original handiwork.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1848-49 for James Dwight Dana and his bride Henrietta Silliman by her father, Benjamin Silliman, one of Yale&#39;s first professors of science. The design by Austin is not particularly elaborate or individually distinctive, as evidenced by the existence of two similar houses in the region. The house was purchased by Yale in 1962, and is currently home to its Department of Statistics. It was renovated by the university in 1996. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>James Dwight Dana education in geology, in addition to his studies with Professor Silliman, extended to the four-year United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42), in which Dana served as the staff geologist and mineralogist, and exposed him to a wide ranging variety of geological formations and minerals. In addition to numerous reports and articles on the material from this expedition, Dana in 1862 produced the Manual of Geology, the first major work to describe the study of geology as an investigation of the processes that produced the landforms and minerals we see. More than just describing how individual types of rocks and minerals forms, he expanded the view to include descriptions of how major landforms such as mountains and valleys formed.</p><br>
<p>The Edward W. Morley House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 26 Westland Avenue in West Hartford, Connecticut. It is notable as the home of the scientist Edward W. Morley  from 1906 to 1923. Morley is famous for his collaboration with Albert A. Michelson on the Michelson-Morley experiment and for his work on the atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Morley House is an architecturally undistinguished 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and a single chimney rising from the left side. The roof is pierced by hip-roofed dormers. The front of the house is spanned by a single-story porch with a low-pitch hip roof and a gable above the stairs, which rise to the front door. The house was built in 1906 for Edward W. Morley, who made it his home until his death in 1923, and has reportedly been little altered since then.</p><br>
<p>Morley was born in Newark, New Jersey in 1838, educated at home (his father was a Congregationalist minister and his mother a school teacher). He graduated from Williams College in 1860, then studied theology at the Andover Theological Seminary before eventually accepting a position teaching chemistry at Western Reserve College in 1869. His reputation as a leading chemist and physicist was cemented during his tenure there, contributing to the apparatus of the famous Michelson-Morley experiment, which proved that light was not carried by any sort of luminiferous aether. His most significant solo contribution to scientific knowledge was the calculation of the atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen, and determining the composition of water from these elements. Morley retired in 1905, settling in this house, and continuing to run experiments in a laboratory in the garage until his death in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Stahl House  is a modernist-styled house designed by architect Pierre Koenig in the Hollywood Hills section of Los Angeles, California. Photographic and anecdotal evidence suggests that the architect&#39;s client, Buck Stahl, may have provided an inspiration for the overall structure. In 2013 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1959 as part of the Case Study Houses program, the house is considered an iconic representation of modern architecture in Los Angeles during the twentieth century. It was made famous by a Julius Shulman photograph showing two women leisurely sitting in a corner of the house with an eventide panoramic view of the city through floor-to-ceiling glass walls. The house was used in numerous fashion shoots, films, and advertising campaigns. Films include Smog (1962); The First Power (1990); The Marrying Man (1991); Corrina, Corrina (1994); Playing by Heart (1998), where it was used as the home of Jon Stewart’s character; Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998); Galaxy Quest (1999), as the home of Tim Allens character; The Thirteenth Floor (1999); Nurse Betty (2000); and Where the Truth Lies (2005). Television shows include Adam-12; Emergency!; and Columbo. The house is prominently featured in the music videos for I Dont Wanna Stop (2003) by ATB, "Missing Cleveland" by Scott Weiland, and also "Release Me" by Wilson Phillips. A look-alike was also included in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as one of the safehouses players can buy.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the house was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. In 2007, the American Institute of Architects listed the Stahl House (#140) as one of the top 150 structures on its "America&#39;s Favorite Architecture" list, one of only eleven in Southern California, and the only privately owned home on the list.</p><br>
<p>The house was included among the ten best houses in Los Angeles in a Los Angeles Times survey of experts in December 2008.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Hall, historically known as the Othniel C. Marsh House, is a historic house on Prospect Hill in New Haven, Connecticut. The property, which includes the house and a 6.8 acre grounds now known as Marsh Botanical Garden, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It was built in 1878 as the home of Othniel Marsh , a leading 19th-century paleontologist, who occupied it until his death. The house is now owned by Yale University, and the building is occupied by the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is a 3.5-story brownstone structure, built of red sandstone, overlooking an expanse of landscaped greenery. Its architecture is reminiscent of the Jacobean revival, with asymmetrical massing, and a variety of projections, turrets, and decorative elements. It was designed for Marsh by J. Cleaveland Cady, and construction of the exterior of the main house was largely complete in 1878; it took another three years to finish the interior. The house is one of a relatively small number of Cady designs surviving in the city, and was one of the grandest private residences in the city at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Othniel Marsh had an interest in fossils from an early age, and studied geology at Yale. Before and after graduating he went on numerous collecting trips throughout northeastern North America, and was appointed the first professor of paleontology. He engaged in repeated expeditions into the American West, sometimes returning with spectacular finds of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates. His finds of Cretaceous winged dinosaurs, complete with teeth and other non-avian features, provided compelling evidence in the debate over the recently published theory of evolution by natural selection. Marsh, a bachelor, bequeathed his estate to the university.</p><br>
<p>Marsh Hall currently houses offices of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, including the "Global Institute of Sustainable Forestry".</p><br>
<p>The Dubuque County Jail is a historic building at 36 East 8th Street in Dubuque, Iowa. Completed in 1858, the jail is an example of the uncommon Egyptian Revival style. It is architecturally a highly original work of John F. Rague, who also designed the 1837 Old Capitol of Illinois and the 1840 Territorial Capitol of Iowa. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1987. It served as a jail for more than a century, became a museum in 1975, and was converted into county offices in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Dubuque County, Iowa jail was a stone building nicknamed the "calaboose" built in 1836. It was succeeded by a log building at the corner of 8th and Clay Streets that was intended to be built as a county courthouse. By 1855, it was apparent that a larger structure was needed. On April 1, 1856, citizens of the county voted to approve the construction of the current structure for $40,000. On April 17, the construction contract was awarded to David Armstrong. Rague & Drake designed the structure.</p><br>
<p>The new county jail was built with blue limestone from Dunleith, Illinois. Completed in 1858, the jail had thirty-two cells and a Sheriff&#39;s residence. On June 1, 1874, a six-cell addition was approved for the eastern portion of the building to house female prisoners. It was completed that December for $5,600.</p><br>
<p>On June 27, 1972, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1975, the Dubuque Art Association rented the building as a museum. In 1983, the Dubuque County Supervisors extended the lease for twenty more years; this marked the first time that the association had a long-term home. When the lease expired in 2003, the association moved into a bank building by Washington Park. The Dubuque County Historical Society took over operations, turning the gallery into the Old Jail Museum.</p><br>
<p>The county felt the space was underutilized, and converted it to office space in 2016 for the county medical examiner, I.T. department and veteran&#39;s affairs office. the renovation cost $800,000 and maintained and restored much of the original character of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Grenville M. Dodge House is a historic house museum in Council Bluffs, Iowa. This Second Empire mansion, built in 1869, was the home of Grenville M. Dodge , a Union Army general, politician, and a major figure in the development of the railroads across the American West. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 for its association with Dodge; in 2005 it was included as a contributing property in the Willow-Bluff-3rd Street Historic District. It is now owned by the city of Council Bluffs and is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dodge House is located southeast of downtown Council Bluffs, on the east side of 3rd Street, between 5th and Fairview Avenues. It is a large and rambling three story brick building, designed by W.W. Boyington of Chicago and built in 1869 at a cost of $35,000. It has a mansard roof with a modillioned eave, pierced by dormers with eared and rounded tops. Most windows are tall and narrow, with segmented-arch tops, some of which have decorative stone hoods. The interior features elaborate interior black walnut woodwork, and original fixtures including bronze hinges with silver butts. The house is decorated with items from the Dodge family. The property also includes an 1871 carriage barn, which houses a caretaker&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Grenville Dodge was involved in railroad construction from an early age, and he distinguished himself with his engineering skills, which were notably applied during the American Civil War in the replacement of destroyed bridges. After the war he became chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad, leading the effort that successfully completed the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. In addition to his engineering, Dodge served in managerial and leadership capacities with the railroads, and was politically active, serving in the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>Dodges house remained in the family until 1950, when it was converted into apartments. The city purchased it in 1963 for conversion to a museum, reversing most of the alterations made prior to the period of Dodges occupancy.</p><br>
<p>The James and Jean Douglas House  is a residence located at 3490 South Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in Friendship Township near Harbor Springs, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, renowned architect Richard Meier was commissioned to design the Frederick J. Smith House in Darien, Connecticut. The house was completed in 1967 and featured on the cover of a magazine, where it was seen by James and Jean Douglas of Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Douglases contacted Meier and asked him to create a similar design in northern Michigan. Planning for the house began in 1971; the original location chosen was within an upscale gated community. However, the white color of Meier&#39;s design was rejected by the community. Rather than compromise on the color, the Douglases found another lot, nearly unbuildable due to its steep slope.</p><br>
<p>With a new location chosen construction began and was completed in 1973 after a three-year construction period. When Meier furnished the house for his clients, Jim and Jean Douglas, he designed some of the furniture himself and also used designs by Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the American Institute of Architects listed the Douglas House as one of the top 150 structures on its "America&#39;s Favorite Architecture" list.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Douglas House was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The house has remained intact, with no additions or modifications to the physical structure, and no changes to room uses or layouts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Douglas House is located on a very steep slope overlooking the lake. It is a four story, bright white, Modern structure with a flat roof clad with redwood. The overall form of the house is a large rectangle set on end. The rear wall of the house, which faces the lake, makes extensive use of glass to provide maximum views. The house is built of redwood (vertical Tongue and Groove boards) and is almost completely white. The foundation consists of a series of pilings hammered into the earth.</p><br>
<p>The entrance on the upland side of the house is on the top floor, via a bridge. Stairways were located in the corners of the structure so that they would not block views or sunlight. The fourth floor serves as the home&#39;s entry from the bridge, and contains a large exterior deck space; another smaller deck space is above the fourth floor. Below, the third floor contains three bedrooms, a full bath and an open, built-in work desk overlooking the second-floor living room. The second floor contains the living room, a wet bar and the master bedroom. The first floor contains the dining room, kitchen, laundry and another bedroom with a full bath. A sub-level beneath the first floor contains HVAC, water/electrical services and storage.</p><br>
<p>Dolgy Island  is an island in the Pechora Sea, east of the Khaypudyr Bay. The landscape of the island is relatively flat with small lakes and tundra patches.</p><br>
<p>This island should not be confused with other islands called "Dolgy", one of which is located in the Barents Sea itself in the bay southeast of Khodovarikha and the other in Karelia. Dikson Island was also formerly called "Dolgy".</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dolgy Island&#39;s southern tip is located only 12 km from the West Siberian Plain mainland. Long and narrow, it stretches roughly from north-west to south-east and is 38 km in length, with an average width of 2.8 km.</p><br>
<p>This island is administratively a part of Nenets Autonomous Okrug, an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast.</p><br>
<h3>Adjacent islands</h3><br>
<p>There are smaller islands in Dolgy&#39;s vicinity at both of its ends which are a prolongation of the same submarine structure.</p><br>
<p>Matveyev Island, located in the north.</p><br>
<p>Golets, a small islet located NW of the northern tip.</p><br>
<p>Bolshoy Zelenets and Maly Zelenets, located in the south, between Dolgy and the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stepan Malygin undertook a voyage starting from Dolgy Island in 1736-1737. There were two ships in this early expedition, the Pervy, under Malygin and the Vtoroy under the command of captain A. Skuratov. After entering the little-explored Kara Sea, they sailed to the mouth of the Ob River.</p><br>
<p>Malygin took careful observations of these hitherto almost unknown areas of the Russian Arctic coastline. With this knowledge he was able to draw the first somewhat accurate map of the Arctic shores between the Pechora River and the Ob River.</p><br>
<p>The Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello community, The Chum, located in the northeastern section of Baltimore City, in the USA state of Maryland, is bounded by Harford Road on the east; Loch Raven Boulevard on the west; 25th Street on the south; and 32nd and 33rd Street on the north and includes Baltimores scenic Lake Montebello, a holding pond for the Citys Department of Public Works regional water system and the Montebello Filtration Plant  to the immediate north. A portion of the neighborhood has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Coldstream Homestead Montebello Historic District, recognized for the development of a more suburban style of rowhouses.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood captures its name from the nineteenth century grandeur of Baltimore&#39;s elaborate summer estates and small country villages along radiating turnpikes from the center city to outlying major towns but struggles with the twentieth century reality of boarded up rowhouses, crime and litter. Residents of C-H-M actively work to better their neighborhood through the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello Community Corporation which meets every second Thursday at 7 p.m. on the campus of the Baltimore City College, at 33rd Street and The Alameda. The C-H-M offices are located in the former Music/Industrial Shops/Power Plant annex of 1958 across the faculty upper parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore City College is a magnet academic-specialized selective public high school for the humanities, liberal arts, social studies, and is also the third oldest public secondary school in America. It was founded for young men in downtown Baltimore on the former Courtland Street (now Saint Paul Place/Preston Gardens area) in 1839, and re-located to its fifth site at the present Collegiate Gothic landmark building in 1928. Nicknamed "The Castle on the Hill", Baltimore City College, which has been co-educational since 1979, is on a 39-acre campus with a 150-foot stone tower on one of the highest spots and scenic views in the city.</p><br>
<p>B.C.C. was built in the 1870s on the site of "Abbottston", a country estate of industrialist Horace Abbott. Horace Abbott was the famous owner of ironworks in the Canton waterfront of southeast Baltimore. Previously owned by Peter Cooper, these ironworks are where iron plate was rolled for the revolutionary USAS. Monitor ironclad ship in the Civil War. Later the estate passed to Abbott&#39;s daughter and son-in-law, of the Gilman family, at Johns Hopkins University and was known as the Gilman-Cate estate until its razing in 1924. Abbottston Street and Abbottston Elementary School in the neighborhood are reminders of its memory.</p><br>
<p>Located to the west across Loch Raven Boulevard is the former Eastern High School. Founded in 1844 for young women, it was built in 1938 of brick in a Tudor English Gothic Revival style. Facing the 33rd Street Boulevard, it was inspired by the garden parkway plans for Baltimore in the early 20th Century of Frederick Law Olmsted, famed landscape architect of New York City&#39;s Central Park. Closed in 1984 and merged with nearby Lake Clifton High School in Clifton Park off Harford Road, the landmark Eastern building was renovated as offices by the Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions.</p><br>
<p>Across to the northwest is the former site of Municipal Stadium (also known as Baltimore Stadium) built in 1921-22 for football and rebuilt in 1950 with an upper deck added as Memorial Stadium for the football Baltimore Colts and the baseball Baltimore Orioles professional teams. The Memorial Stadium was discontinued by the Colts when they moved to Indianapolis in 1984 and only briefly afterwards used by several other teams such as the Canadian Football League&#39;s Baltimore Stallions and the transferred NFL franchise Baltimore Ravens from Cleveland in 1996 to 1998 and also by the Orioles when Oriole Park at Camden Yards was built in 1992. It was razed in 2004 after much controversy, and replaced by a mixed development called Stadium Place, consisting of housing and facilities for the YMCA of Central Maryland.</p><br>
<p>These two institutions have an important impact on the neighboring C-H-M communities.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, this neighborhood was rated the #1 neighborhood in the city of Baltimore. However, due to the Martin Luther King race riots, and White flight, this neighborhood has been notorious for a decline in income and an increase in crime, specifically blue collar crime.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The 2000 United States Census General Demographic Characteristics of CHM show that there are 8,750 residents of which 99% are African American. There were 3,265 housing units of which 80% were single unit-attached (rowhomes). 84.5 of all housing units were occupied with 55.9% of them being owner-occupied. Nearly 32% of the residents are enrolled in school (grades pre-k to 12) and 60% of the residents have attained a high school diploma or better. The median family income is (dollars) $27,471.</p><br>
<h2>Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello Community Corporation</h2><br>
<p>In addition to meeting on a regular basis, holding community clean-ups and providing its residents with City government related information, the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello community corporation also provides a variety of services and programs for its residents. The corporation provides housing counselors for its residents, a summer film series for families, women&#39;s self-defense classes, organized walks for seniors and the coordination free services for its residents.</p><br>
<p>Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello community residents qualify for various programs including Project Lightbulb those that provide free energy saving lightbulbs, showerheads, kitchen faucets and water heater wraps. Community residents over age 60 are able to participate in Neighborhoods for All Ages, a pilot program offering home repair, transportation, referral and case management services. The Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello community was also chosen as a Healthy Neighborhoods (Baltimore) community, thereby qualifying for home improvement loans at discounted rates. In addition, the Healthy Neighborhoods program co-sponsors with the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello community corporation, events and block projects.</p><br>
<p>CHM also provides a variety of services for the youth in the area including a summer camp, chess club, summer dance, tutoring and homework assistance, a computer lab and indoor basketball.</p><br>
<h2>Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello Recurring Events</h2><br>
<p>First Thursdays, Community Corporation Board Meeting</p><br>
<p>Second Thursdays at 7 pm, Community Meeting</p><br>
<p>Fourth Thursdays at 7 pm, Citizens on Patrol Walk</p><br>
<p>First and Third Fridays at 10 am, 6X Express Senior Shuttle</p><br>
<p>Second Fridays at 10 am, Senior Meeting</p><br>
<p>Fourth Fridays at 10 am, Lifelong Gathering</p><br>
<p>Every Friday during the summer (sundown), Movies in the Park</p><br>
<h2>Government Representation</h2><br>
<p>The Brussels–Charleroi Canal, also known as the Charleroi Canal amongst other similar names,  is an important canal in Belgium. The canal is quite large, with a Class IV Freycinet gauge, and its Wallonian portion is 47.9 km long. It runs from Charleroi in the south to Brussels in the north. It is part of a north-south axis of water transport in Belgium, whereby the north of France  including Lille and Dunkirk and important waterways in the south of Belgium including the Sambre valley and sillon industriel are linked to the port of Antwerp in the north, via the Brussels-Scheldt Maritime Canal which meets the Brussels-Charleroi Canal at the Sainctelette area.</p><br>
<p>The Ronquières inclined plane is the most remarkable feature of the canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early proposals</h3><br>
<p>The idea of a waterway to serve the cities of Hainaut, linking them ultimately with Antwerp, was first put forward during the reign of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1396–1467). In 1436, an edict authorized the modification and deepening of the Senne River, though the project turned out to be more expensive than previously thought. The city of Mechelen, the sole city allowed to tax water transport on the Senne, protested extensively at the prospect of the construction of a parallel canal, and the project was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>During the 16th century, the prospect of a canal was renewed. In 1531, Charles V authorized the construction of a canal linking Charleroi and Willebroek, though work did not begin immediately. It was not until 1550 that Mary of Habsburg, Governor of the Netherlands, finally ordered work to begin. When work was finished in 1561, the canal linked Brussels to the Scheldt at Willebroek, though it did not continue south past Brussels.</p><br>
<p>As part of France from 1795 to 1815, proposals to build the canal were hampered by Napoleon&#39;s focus on waging expansionist wars.</p><br>
<h3>Work begins</h3><br>
<p>During the industrial revolution, coal saw a tremendous rise in economic importance. The Sambre and Marne valleys are quite rich in coal, and during the reign of William I of the Netherlands (1813–1840), concrete plans to extend the canal were at last made.</p><br>
<p>The project was undertaken by A.J. Barthélemy, member of the lower chamber of the States-General of the Netherlands and adviser to the regent in Brussels. He proposed inclined planes be used instead of locks, but his idea was ahead of its time. An inclined plane is quicker, and wastes less water, than a flight of canal locks, but is more costly to install and run. Jean-François Gendebien, a very prominent Belgian politician (although Belgium was then called the Southern Netherlands and was not independent) supported the idea, though finances had the last say in the matter, resulting in locks being chosen over inclined planes.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s canal is actually the fourth version. The first version, built from 1827 to 1832, has a gauge of only 70 t. Just over 20 years later, 1854, work began to create a "large gauge" canal (today&#39;s medium gauge) of 300 t on certain sections, which was completed in 1857. Ambitious enlargements began again with the lock at Flanders&#39; Gate (Porte de Flandre) in Brussels, which was expanded to a gauge of 600–800 t (590–790 L/T/660–880 S/T).</p><br>
<p>By 1933, all locks downstream of Clabecq were modified to a capacity of 1,350 t. The last major improvement to the canal was the addition of the Class IV, 1350 tonne inclined plane at Ronquières, just uphill of Lock #5 at Ittre. The inclined plane is considered a masterpiece of civil engineering, while the lock has a rise of 13.5 m, one of the highest in Belgium.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>On 17 December 2005, the body of former Rwandan cabinet minister Juvénal Uwilingiyimana was found in the canal. He had gone missing on 21 November 2005, and when his body was found, it was naked and badly decomposed.</p><br>
<h2>Ronquières inclined plane</h2><br>
<p>The Ronquières Inclined Plane has a length of 1,432 m and lifts boats through 68 m vertically.</p><br>
<p>It consists of two large caissons mounted on rails. Each caisson measures 91 m long by 12 m wide and has a water depth between 3 and. It can carry one boat of 1,350 tonnes or many smaller boats within the same limits.</p><br>
<p>The weight of each caisson is held by a counterweight of 5,200 t which runs beneath the rails.</p><br>
<p>The inclined plane, while still in use, is now being promoted as a tourist site.</p><br>
<h2>Traffic</h2><br>
<p>* 1987 - Tonnage: 1 094 000 T - 3084 Barges</p><br>
<p>* 1990 - Tonnage: 1 289 000 T - 3346 Barges</p><br>
<p>* 2000 - Tonnage: 2 100 000 T - 3471 Barges</p><br>
<p>* 2004 - Tonnage: 3 160 000 T - 5155 Barges</p><br>
<p>* 2005 - Tonnage: 3 019 000 T - 4812 Barges</p><br>
<p>* 2006 - Tonnage: 3 143 000 T - 5215 Barges</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Parker Island is a roughly 400 acre island in the Southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada. It forms the western side of Montague Harbour, sheltering it from the strong wind gusts of Trincomali Channel. The island may be reached by floatplane, private boat or water taxi; there is no public ferry service.</p><br>
<p>On Parker Island, there is a cable terminal of HVDC Vancouver Island, which is the endpoint of the second overhead line section of HVDC Vancouver Island starting at the east coast of Galiano Island and which reaches Parker Island in a 880 m long span.</p><br>
<p>Parker Island is named after Lieutenant George Ferdinand Hastings Parker of HMS Ganges, flagship of the Royal Navy&#39;s Pacific Station, which was based in Esquimalt.</p><br>
<p>Parker Island has approximately 25 residents. Half of these residents live there part-time, due to the island&#39;s rustic grounds and harsh weather conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Canterbury Center Historic District is a historic district in Canterbury, Connecticut. It is located in the area around the junction of Route 169  and Route 14 , including properties along Elmdale and Library Roads. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The district is centered on the town green (Canterbury Green), which was laid out in 1705 for the purpose of erecting a meeting house, although a meeting house was not constructed until 1711. The Congregational Church is located on the Green, which is surrounded by several houses dating from the late 18th to early 19th century. Among these is the Prudence Crandall House, a National Historic Landmark that is separately listed on the NRHP. The Canterbury Public Library is the only non-residential building around the Green.</p><br>
<p>The district is spread out over an area of 850 acre and includes 70 buildings (50 of which are contributing properties) and 2 sites.</p><br>
<p>The Cheney Brothers Historic District was a center of the silk industry in the late 19th and early 20th century. The 175 acre district in Manchester, Connecticut includes over 275 mill buildings, workers houses, churches, schools and Cheney family mansions. These structures represent the well-preserved company town of the Cheney Brothers silk manufacturing company, the first America-based silk company to properly raise and process silkworms, and to develop the difficult techniques of spinning and weaving silk. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cheney Brothers district encompasses a 175 acre area of South Manchester, bounded roughly on the south by Interstate 384 on the west by Fairfield Avenue, on the north by West, High, Laurel, Forest, and Eldridge Streets, and on the east by Chestnut and Spruce Streets. The centerpiece of the district is a collection of sixteen surviving mill buildings, which mostly front on Pine and Elm Streets. These are almost all brick buildings, some of them quite large, most of which were built between about 1880 and 1920. The mansions of the Cheney family are located in a 70 acre area east of the mills; this is a park-like area including 13 primary buildings, the oldest of which is the original 1780s Cheney Homestead, now a historic house museum owned by the Manchester Historical Society. These houses were built from the early 19th century into the early 20th century by various members of the family. There are large clusters of mill worker housing built by the Cheneys to the north and west of the mill complex, with a smaller cluster east of the mansion area. These are typically frame structures one or two stories in height, most of them 19th century in construction. Public architecture built by the Cheneys include a large social venue (Cheney Hall) at 177 Hartford Road, a fire station at 230 Pine Street, a water treatment plan at 49 Cooper Hill Street, and several schools and churches.</p><br>
<p>The Cheney silk processing business began in the 1830s with the cultivation of mulberry trees, which silkworms fed on, and expanded in 1838 into a silk-spinning operation that was located near the family homestead. In 1840 the mulberry market crashed, and many trees were affected by a blight. The Cheneys focused their business efforts on the spinning in the 1840s, and had by the end of that decade mastered the difficult process of weaving silk. In 1847 Frank Cheney developed a machine that significantly sped up the spinning process. By the 1860s the Cheney Brothers were an international leader in the business. In South Manchester, the Cheneys practiced what was termed welfare capitalism, intending to provide a comprehensive living and working environment for their workers. When they needed to improve the water supply for their factories, the facilities were used to provide water to residential areas as well, and the Cheneys electric company also provided power to a much larger area than the factory. Churches were built on land donated by the company, as were schools and other public facilities. The Cheneys silk business began to decline in the 1920s with the advent of synthetic fibers, and was further hurt by the Great Depression. The company sold off its utilities and much of its housing. The Cheneys sold the business in 1954, which continues to operate at a much smaller scale within the factory complex.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The mills had a cultural impact on Manchester. The city seal focuses on silk and a local baseball team was named the Silkworms.</p><br>
<p>The First Church of Christ, Congregational is a historic church at 75 Main Street in Farmington, Connecticut. Built in 1771, this Greek Revival church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 for its role in sheltering the Amistad Africans before their return to Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The First Church of Christ in Farmington was founded in 1652. Roger Newton, the first pastor, was the son-in-law of Hartford founder Thomas Hooker, and was succeeded by Hookers son, Samuel. Among First Churchs pastors was Noah Porter, who began Americas first foreign missionary society in the parlor of his home. He was also the father of Sarah Porter, founder of Miss Porters School, and Noah Porter, Jr., president of Yale University.</p><br>
<p>The present church, the third, originally known as the Meeting House, was built in 1771, designed by Judah Woodruff. The slender steeple on top of the bell tower can be seen for miles. The church is cited as an "excellent example of its architectural style and period".</p><br>
<p>The church began the first "Sabbath School" in the 1700s for the local Tunxis Indians, to teach them Christianity. It was a hub of the Underground Railroad, and became involved in the celebrated case of the African slaves who revolted on the Spanish vessel La Amistad. When the Africans who had participated in the revolt were released in 1841, they came to Farmington, and stayed with Austin Williams before their return to Africa. While staying in Farmington, they attended this church. The Amistad case was important for the abolitionist cause and significant in the history of slavery in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. It is included in the Farmington Historic District.</p><br>
<p>First Church is affiliated with the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Griswold Museum is an art museum at 96 Lyme Street in Old Lyme, Connecticut centered on the home of Florence Griswold , which was the center of the Old Lyme Art Colony, the main center of development of American Impressionism. The museum is noted for its collection of American Impressionist paintings. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Museum&#39;s Robert and Nancy Krible Gallery, featuring 9,500 ft&sup2; of exhibit space and sweeping views of the Lieutenant River opened in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Museum acquired the corporate collection of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, once the world&#39;s largest insurer against equipment breakdown. The collection included 157 oil paintings, 31 works on paper and 2 works of sculpture, all Connecticut-related.</p><br>
<p>Collection highlights:</p><br>
<p>Portrait of a Man by Harlan Page (1815)</p><br>
<p>The Charter Oak at Hartford by Frederic Church in 1946</p><br>
<p>Shore of Darien, Connecticut John F. Kensett (1872)</p><br>
<p>View of Greenwich, Connecticut David Johnson (1878)</p><br>
<p>The Fisher Boy (1840) by Edwin White</p><br>
<p>Black Bass (1872) by Gurdon Trumbull</p><br>
<p>East Rock, New Haven John Ferguson Weir 1901</p><br>
<p>East Hartford Meadow Milton Avery (1922)</p><br>
<p>Summer Evening, (1886) a Woman at the window Childe Hassam</p><br>
<p>Laurel, Edward F. Rook 1905-1910</p><br>
<p>Works by Emil Carlsen, Charles Ebert, Bruce Crane and Willard Metcalf.</p><br>
<h2>Florence Griswold House</h2><br>
<p>Leading artists of the Old Lyme Art Colony who stayed at the boarding house were Henry Ward Ranger, Edward Charles Volkert, Childe Hassam, and Willard Metcalf. USA President Woodrow Wilson and his family dined with "Miss Florence" and the artists in the house.</p><br>
<p>Old Lyme resident Harry Hoffman helped to save Griswold&#39;s house through a fund-raising campaign so that it could be converted into a museum.</p><br>
<h3>Appearance and layout</h3><br>
<p>I saw a charming house that appeared like a Roman temple among the trees. Admiringly, I beheld the broad steps surmounted by four huge ionic columns that towered to the roof and formed a magnificent adornment to the mansion&#39;s front, the handsome old doorway of which stood hospitably open. &mdash; Arthur Heming, artist of the Lyme Art Colony</p><br>
<p>The entire first floor has been furnished to reflect its appearance in about 1910, the height of its years as an artists boarding house. Visitors enter through a wide center hall, where an "informal gallery" displays paintings on grass cloth walls. The hall also contains Colonial and Empire furniture. Two bedrooms are off the hallway &mdash; Miss Florences bedroom and a guest bedroom. A parlor on the first floor has artists&#39; brushes on the mantel. In that room the artist-boarders would present various types of entertainment for each other. The second floor is exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Belcher, architect of the Old Lyme Congregational Church, designed the late Georgian-style house for William Noyes. It was built in 1817.</p><br>
<p>The artists who painted on the house&#39;s doors and walls were probably following a tradition imported from hostelries in the French art colonies at Barbizon, Giverny, and Pont-Aven. A total of 41 painted panels are in the downstairs rooms.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In July 2007 the building reopened after a 14-month restoration project.</p><br>
<p>The Frederic Remington House is a historic house at 36 Oak Knoll Road in Ridgefield, Connecticut. A National Historic Landmark, it was the home of the painter and sculptor Frederic Remington  in the last few months of his life. Remington and his wife designed the two-story gambrel-roofed, fieldstone-and-shingle house. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Frederic Remington (1861-1909) lived for many years in New Rochelle, New York, working as an illustrator, sculptor, and writer. He produced iconic works of American art, particularly noted for their themes of the American West. His corpus of work includes more than 2,700 artworks, many of which were published in magazines and newspapers, and 142 books, including eight he wrote. In early 1909 he and his wife Missy purchased 45 acre of land in Ridgefield, Connecticut, and oversaw the construction of a home and studio. During the construction, Remington continued to work, creating a number of significant works. Although he had major plans for life in Ridgefield, he died of acute appendicitis a few months after the house was completed.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a 2-1/2 story gambrel-roofed wood frame structure with a stone facade, and clapboarded sides and back. The front has three large shed-roof dormers, and has bands of three sash windows flanking its main entrance, which is sheltered by a columned portico. The house has a central hall plan, with Remingtons studio in the rear left of the structure. It is a high-ceilinged room with large windows onto the backyard, and has a large fieldstone chimney. During Remingtons life the room was cluttered with artifacts of the American West.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main house, the property includes a cluster of outbuildings, which were also designed and built by the Remingtons. They include a cow barn, chicken coop, and shed, as well as a caretaker&#39;s cottage and a carriage house that has been adapted for residential use.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Whitfield House is an historic house located at 248 Old Whitfield Street in Guilford, Connecticut, down the street from the town green. This house dates from 1639, having been built just before the town of Guilford was settled. It is the oldest house in Connecticut and the oldest stone house in New England. The house, with its massive stone walls, also served as a fort to protect the community. Henry Whitfield, for whom the house was built, was a Puritan minister who had come from England to flee religious persecution.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers of the Guilford colony began construction of their minister&#39;s home in September 1639, shortly after their arrival in the area of the future Guilford colony. However, they had begun construction of the house too late in the year, winter weather preventing them from finishing anything more than half of the great hall and north fireplace until the following spring. By the summer of 1640 the rest of the hall, the second floor, and the attic were completed and the house was inhabited by Whitfield and his family. Accounts of the construction state that the local Menunkatuck Indians aided the settlers in the construction of the house by transporting stone from nearby quarries to the building site on hand barrows. The walls of the house were made nearly two feet thick because there was so much stone available for construction. The original mortar used to cement the stones was composed of yellow clay and crushed oyster shell, a technique developed by the lack of more conventional building materials. Inside the great hall, the "joists and rafters were hand-hewn oaken timbers; the inside partitions were formed by wide planks of pine or white wood joined with feathered edges."</p><br>
<h2>Purposes</h2><br>
<p>First and foremost, the Whitfield House served as the home for Henry Whitfield, Dorothy Shaeffe Whitfield, and their nine children. The house also served as a place of worship before the first church was built in Guilford, a meetinghouse for colonial town meetings, a protective fort for the settlers in case of attack, and a shelter for travelers between the New Haven and Saybrook colonies.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural style of the Henry Whitfield house is unique for its time period and location. In that it is styled in the tradition of the estates of northern England and Scotland, rather than the lower English and London style found in the rest of New England. When the first settlers constructed the house, they had built large rooms, ignoring the fact that smaller rooms would be easier to heat. They also ignored the abundance of wood available to them to construct an easily heated, yet still sturdy, home.</p><br>
<p>The original floor plan of the house included a kitchen and great hall (which could be divided by partitions into two separate rooms) on the first floor, a stair tower leading to the second floor, three bedroom chambers on the second floor, and a small attic above the chambers. The great hall, which was probably the most used room in the house, is thirty-three feet in length and fifteen feet in width and was built in a perpendicular ell to the rest of the house. This was the room used for church services, town meetings, feasts, and the housing of travelers. The Whitfield family slept on the second floor of the house, with the room directly above the kitchen used for the younger children because it was kept the warmest in the winter by the rising heat from the kitchen fireplace. The original roof had a sixty degree pitch, though it has been steepened during the house&#39;s various restorations. In addition, the house was constructed with six fireplaces, the largest of which is ten feet four inches across and is positioned on the north end of the great hall. This fireplace remains mostly unchanged today, other than the addition of an oak mantel and some masonry. The smaller five have been remodeled several times since their original construction.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Whitfield</h2><br>
<p>Henry Whitfield, one of Guilfords founders and first minister, is estimated to have been born sometime between June 8 and October 1, 1592 in Greenwich in the English county of Kent. Thomas Whitfield, his father was a lawyer in London and his mother, Mildred Manning, was descended from the poet and "Father of English literature" Geoffrey Chaucer. Whitfield attended New College, Oxford, where he befriended the future founder of the Saybrook colony in Connecticut, George Fenwick. He initially studied law after graduation, but found it undesirable and promptly changed his focus to ministry studies. Whitfield was ordained a minister of the Church of England in 1618 and soon took up the post of vicar of St. Margarets Church in Ockley, Surrey, where he remained for the next 18 years. During this time he married Dorothy Shaeffe (also of Kent) and fathered nine children, living off the estate of his father. However, under the rule of King Charles I, the Church of England began to persecute Separatists and Puritans who opposed the new firm rule of the church and called for reform. Whitfield&#39;s sympathies soon shifted to the Puritan movement following the persecution led by Archbishop William Laud. Shortly after being censured as a dissident by the High Commission Court in 1638, Whitfield resigned from his post in Ockley and recruited twenty five families, mostly farmers of Surrey and Kent, to travel to the New Haven colony. Upon arrival in June 1639, Whitfield consulted Fenwick and Rev. John Davenport, founder of the New Haven Colony, and decided to purchase land from the Menunkatuck Indians halfway between the New Haven and Saybrook colonies. Whitfield and his party moved into the new Guilford colony in September of that year and immediately began construction of his house, though it was not finished until the following spring due to the winter weather conditions. In the early years of the Guilford colony, Whitfield served as both the minister and community leader, delivering sermons and conducting marriage ceremonies as well as settling civil disputes. However, in 1650 Henry Whitfield returned to England, leaving his wife and the majority of his children in Guilford. It has been speculated that he returned due to the changed political and religious atmosphere for Puritans under the reign of Oliver Cromwell. Whitfield was reinstated in the Church but died in 1657, soon after his return, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral on September 17.</p><br>
<h2>Owners and Residents</h2><br>
<p>The first residents of the house were Henry Whitfield, his wife, and their children, for whom the house was originally built. Throughout their occupancy, they extended their welcome to travelers, church-goers, and the rest of the citizens in the community. Griffing, a patriot from Long Island, was a descendent of the early Guilford leader, William Chittenden. The Griffing and Chittenden families owned the house for over a century, and during their ownership the remodeling of 1868 occurred. Not until September 28, 1900, did the Whitfield House become the property of the State of Connecticut, when Sarah Brown Cone sold the house and property for $8,500. The purchase was financed by "$3,500 from the State of Connecticut, $3,000 from the town of Guilford, between $500 and $1,000 from residents of Guilford, and as much from the members of the Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames of America." It was transformed into a museum after several renovations and has been maintained by the Connecticut Historical Society and the house Board of Trustees ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The first unofficial renovation and remodeling of the Henry Whitfield House occurred in 1868, under the ownership of the Mary Chittenden. Mrs. Chittenden devoted a great deal of her inheritance from her late husband, Henry Ward Chittenden, to the remodeling and repair of the house. This initial renovation was directed by her son-in-law, Henry D. Cone. By the year 1868, the house&#39;s roof was beginning to cave-in and a great deal of the southern wall had collapsed. Several repairs were necessary in order to make the house habitable. During this time much of the south wall was rebuilt, the south chimney was removed, the roof was rebuilt, and much of the interior walls were re-plastered. However, the house was not completely changed from its original state. Historical accounts from the Library of Congress state, "as much as half of the ancient wall was not disturbed, the larger part of that being north of the door." In addition, the original foundation of the house remained unaltered.</p><br>
<p>The second major renovation of the house occurred in 1902, shortly after the museum was opened, led by architectural historian Norman Isham. Ishams main purpose in the restoration was to make the house and museum attractive to visitors and suitable for tours. His renovation included a re-plastering and mortaring of the walls and ceilings, as well as the remodeling of the five smaller fireplaces of the house. Ishams restoration plan was based on what he stated to be, "tradition, inherent reasonableness, and likeness to old English examples." His approach led to the criticism of many architectural experts, including the next renovator, J. Frederick Kelly, who believed Isham was more concerned with the aesthetics than the historical accuracy of the house.</p><br>
<p>Though minor restorations continue today, the most extensive renovation occurred during the 1930s, directed by J. Frederick Kelly. The purpose of this renovation was to conduct archeological and architectural analyses and restore the house to its condition in 1639. Prior to this extensive renovation, Kelly had experience with the house through his conversion of one of the barns on the property to a caretakers house in 1923. Kellys restoration began with the reconstruction of the kitchen in 1930 and the rebuilding of the ell (the wing built perpendicular to the main house) in 1932. The external changes of the house included a steepening of the pitch of the roof, the construction of a chimney at the houses southern end, elimination of the stucco, and the creation of seventeenth century windows with diamond-shaped glass panels held together by lead bars. Interior restorations included the re-creation of a corner window facing the harbor, the restoration of the stair tower to the second floor, the rebuilding of the second floor (which had been essentially removed sometime during the 1700s), and the reconstruction of the partitions that had been used to separate the great hall into several rooms. The final cost of Kellys restoration was $26,000, financed by the Federal government and individual patrons of the Colonial Dames of America, and it was completed on October 20, 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Whitfield House was formally opened as a museum in 1899, after the first official remodeling was completed, making it Connecticut&#39;s first state museum. The museum gained national recognition when it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Clarke&#39;s Gap, also known as Clarks Gap, is a pass through Catoctin Mountain west of Leesburg, Virginia. The gap has an elevation of 643 ft. The gap is not a true wind gap, but rather a man-made railroad cut through a local saddle point between two ridges to the southeast and northwest created by the drainage of Dry Mill Branch of Tuscarora Creek to the east and an unnamed tributary of Catoctin Creek to the west.</p><br>
<p>The original road between Alexandria and Winchester, known as Vestals Gap or Braddocks Road passed through the gap beginning in the middle 18th century. Later, in the 1860s the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, predecessor of the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad was routed through the gap. The railroad christened the gap when it established a station there, naming it after a nearby landowner, Addison H. Clarke. Today, Dry Mill Road (Virginia State Route 699 (VA Route 699)) and the Washington and Old Dominion Trail still pass through the gap. VA Route 7 and VA Route 9 pass just to the north of the gap, through a man-made highway cut, which the Virginia Department of Transportation has mistakenly signed as "Clarks Gap".</p><br>
<p>Lake Karla  is a former lake that sits at 60 to 80 m above sea level making it the only one in the plain of Thessaly. The lake is located at the northern end of the Magnesia regional unit in the Pineios basin, adjacent to Pelion and Maurovouni mountains. On the eastern part of the lake the lies the town of Kanalia.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Its first name was Voivis (Βοιβηίς) and was taken from the nearby ancient city of Voivis which today is located at Kanalia</p><br>
<h2>Restoration of the lake</h2><br>
<p>Lake Karla, some 300 km north of Athens, was an 180 km lake that was completely drained in 1962 to gain land for agriculture. The lake was part of the ancient Greek mythology (the god Apollo was married on its shores). Before its drainage, it was the site of a unique fishermen culture, with the fishermen spending some nine months of the year in reed huts that they built on the lake. The lake fisheries were an important tradition and to some extent a significant economic activity.</p><br>
<p>For these reasons, and because agriculture was never successful in the saline soils of the former lake bed, the local population supports an ambitious project to restore the lake. The restoration will reflood only 50 of the original 180 km of the former lake. The project represents a 100 million ECU investment that would be financed with the support of the European Commission. Some technical aspects still require further elaboration in order to ensure that it is environmentally sound, but the project has so much popular and political support that most likely it will go ahead. If so, it would represent one of the most ambitious wetland restoration projects and a good case study for the Ramsar Convention.</p><br>
<h2>Other notable facts</h2><br>
<p>The site includes Mavrovouni mountain, two water reservoirs in former Lake Karla and the spring Kefalovryso in Velestino. Mavrovouni (390 km&sup2, max elevation 1,054 m) extends between Ossa and Pilio mountains and is today restored totally in Magnesia. It mainly consists of schist and, in less extent, of limestone. The marine area covers 2% of the site, the terrestrial area covers 96% and the reservoirs cover 2%</p><br>
<p>Its northeast side ends in steep cliffs in the Aegean Sea. At the higher zone, it is mainly covered by oak forests (especially Quercus conferta) and at lower parts by beech and chestnut forests. Maquis covers the lower zone. At the eastern part of the mountain it is very dense and dominated by holm oak (Quercus ilex). The rest of maquis is dominated by kermes oak and wild olive and has deteriorated as a result of intense grazing. This area is used for pasture by high numbers of farm animals. Mavrovouni also includes ravines, rock formations, grasslands, phrygana and agricultural land. A significant number of streams runs the mountain, most of them drying in summer. At the banks of the streams there are plane trees, alders, poplars and willows.</p><br>
<p>The two water reservoirs, one near Stefanovikio (4 km&sup2;) and the other near Kalamaki (2 km&sup2;), were constructed in 1988 for irrigation purposes in the area of the former Lake Karla. Their water flows in from the river Pineios through the Asmaki stream. However, industrial and agricultural wastes flow into the reservoirs. They are possibly eutrophic and a rapid increase of reedbeds into them is observed.</p><br>
<p>Kefalovryso spring has suffered the effects of human activities. Its area has been reduced, it has lost its natural vegetation and possibly its native fishes, as well. Now it is used as a pond for the production of commercial (trout etc.) and exotic fishes.</p><br>
<p>The Ida Tarbell House is a historic house at 320 Valley Road in Easton, Connecticut. A simple farmhouse dubbed "Twin Oaks", it was the home of muckraking journalist Ida Tarbell  from 1906 until her death. She purchased the property with proceeds from her two-volume book on the Standard Oil Company.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tarbell House is a vernacular two-story, wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, clapboard siding, and stone foundation. It is three asymmetrical bays wide, with a central brick chimney. The entrance is in the rightmost bay, with sidelight and transom windows and a shed-roofed portico supported by Doric columns and pilasters. The main block has been extended by a number of additions, most of which predate Ida Tarbells ownership of the property. Only one addition, a sunroom, was made after her death. The property includes several outbuildings, including two barns and a caretakers cottage, which were already extant during Tarbell&#39;s ownership.</p><br>
<p>Ida Tarbell was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, to middle-class parents, whose livelihood was at one point threatened by the actions of the Standard Oil trust. Their involvement in the womens rights movement convinced Tarbell to gain an education, and to avoid marriage. She rose to prominence as a writer for McClures magazine, producing thoroughly researched articles on a variety of topics. Her major success was a multi-part series on Standard Oil, which was later published in book form as The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904. Her techniques, which involved poring over large numbers of documents and interviewing many people, were the first significant use of techniques of what is now called investigative journalism. Her exposés, and those of other socially motivated journalists such as Upton Sinclair, led to them being called "muckrakers" by President Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Tarbell purchased the property she called "Twin Oaks" in 1906, paying for it from the royalty income of the Standard Oil book. She used it as a retreat from the city, and did much writing there, producing a number of significant works. She made it her retirement home in 1924, and died in nearby Bridgeport in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Litchfield Historic District, in Litchfield, Connecticut, is a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1968 as a notable and well-preserved example of a typical late 18th century New England village. As a National Historic Landmark, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is the core area of a larger NRHP-listed historic district that includes the entire borough of Litchfield and was designated a state historic district in 1959.</p><br>
<p>This residential district is anchored by the Litchfield meetinghouse (1829) and is predominantly Georgian with clapboarding, gables and hipped roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Litchfield Town Green</h2><br>
<p>At the center of the district is the Litchfield Town Green in the area of the intersection between USA Route 202 and Route 63, the main through routes of the town of Litchfield. The village green was originally established in 1720 and was primarily used as a common pasture ground, in addition to being the site of the first town meetinghouse, which was constructed in 1723. In the following years, other buildings were built on the green, including the first schoolhouse in the area in 1732, and the county courthouse in 1751, when Litchfield became the county seat of newly constituted Litchfield County. The use of the green as pasture ceased after the Revolutionary War and became used as a military parade ground. Its transformation into a park began in 1836, when it was officially designated by the town as such. The green was used as the center for recruitment during the Civil War and was also the place returning soldiers were welcomed. In the 20th century, various trees and shrubs were planted, and benches added as well. Several war monuments as well as a memorial fountain were also constructed.</p><br>
<h2>South Street</h2><br>
<p>Along South Street are many houses. On South Street is the Tapping Reeve House and Law School, also known as Litchfield Law School, a one-room schoolhouse that was the first law school in the United States and where Aaron Burr, John C. Calhoun and others studied.</p><br>
<h2>North Street</h2><br>
<p>Sheldon Tavern, on North Street, is one of the contributing properties.</p><br>
<h2>East Street</h2><br>
<p>The district includes historic houses on East Street descending a hill away from the church and downtown area.</p><br>
<p>Castle Williams is a circular fortification of red sandstone on the northwest point of Governors Island, part of a system of forts designed and constructed in the early 19th century to protect New York City from naval attack. It is a prominent landmark in New York Harbor. Together with Fort Jay , it is managed by the National Park Service as part of Governors Island National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Castle Williams was designed and erected between 1807 and 1811 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel (later Colonel) Jonathan Williams, Chief Engineer of the Corps of Engineers and first Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. The castle was one component of a defensive system for the inner harbor that included Fort Columbus (later renamed Fort Jay) and the South Battery on Governors Island; Castle Clinton at the southern tip of Manhattan, Fort Wood on Liberty Island, and Fort Gibson on Ellis Island.</p><br>
<p>Its pioneering design consisted of multiple levels of enclosed or fortified gun emplacements (casemates). It established a prototype for American coastal fortification design for the rest of the 19th century. The nearly circular fortification, 40 feet high and 210 feet in diameter, was constructed of sandstone walls 7 to 8 feet thick. Each of its four levels had 13 casemates (or pairs of barbette mounts on the fort&#39;s roof) that could hold 26 cannons of varied caliber. The four-tier arrangement was only duplicated in the US by Battery Weed at Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island and Fort Point in San Francisco. However, at Castle Williams the third tier was intended as barracks and was not armed.</p><br>
<p>Before its completion, Colonel Henry Burbeck, commanding the defenses of New York City, issued an Army order on November 24, 1810, that named the castle for its designer and builder: "In future the Stone Tower on this Island (by the approbation of the Secretary of War) will bear the name of CASTLE WILLIAMS, in honor of the commandant of the United States Corps of Engineers, who designed and erected it."</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the casemates of Castle Williams were used either to house newly recruited Union troops, to serve as a barracks for the garrisons troops, and to imprison Confederate enlisted men and deserters from the Union Army. After 1865 it became a low-security military prison that was also used as quarters for recruits and transient troops. By the 1880s, the castle, with its pitted and crumbling walls, was considered to be an aging and obsolete fortification. Improvements that included the installation of central heating and plumbing were most likely made in 1895 when Castle Williams was designated one of the USA Armys ten military prisons.</p><br>
<h2>Prison</h2><br>
<p>A commitment to preserve the forts of Governors Island was made in the early 20th century by Secretary of War Elihu Root when landfill operations doubled the size of Governors Island between 1901 and 1912. The castle was fitted up as a model prison in 1903. It was most likely wired for electricity when it became available on the island in 1904. The angled gate walls were remodeled in 1912-13 to create a two-story guardhouse, using stones from two demolished magazines within the courtyard. Castle Williams became the Atlantic Branch of the Fort Leavenworth Disciplinary Barracks in 1915, and the Eastern Branch of the United States Disciplinary Barracks in 1921. Expansion of the plumbing system occurred in 1916, and complete renovation of the plumbing, central heating, and electrical systems was carried out in the 1930s. The floors and roof were also reinforced with steel in the 1930s, and steel grating and solitary confinement cells were installed in selected casemates of the second and third tiers.</p><br>
<p>Extensive renovations were carried out in 1947-48 that gave the courtyard an industrial appearance. Concrete balconies enclosed with steel sashes replaced existing wooden galleries, and a three-story brick addition enclosed a steel stair. Concrete floors and brick partitions were installed in the casemates of the second tier, and steel security sashes and doors replaced those made of wood. Castle Williams ceased operations as a military prison in 1965 when the USA Army closed its post at Fort Jay and moved Headquarters, First United States Army from Governors Island to Fort Meade, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>Final years of use and preservation</h2><br>
<p>The USA Coast Guard arrived on Governors Island in 1966 and initially considered demolishing the castle. Instead it became a community center that provided a nursery, meeting rooms for scouts and clubs, a woodworking shop, art studios, a photography laboratory, and a museum. With the relocation of those civilian functions to new locations on the island in the mid-1970s, the castle ended its military career in a state of mild neglect as a storage facility and landscape shop for the Coast Guard. When the Governors Island Coast Guard base closed in 1997, the General Services Administration stabilized the building with replacement windows and a new roof.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Castle Williams and the neighboring fortification, Fort Jay, were transferred to the National Park Service under the administration of the Governors Island National Monument. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Tomtabacken is a hill in the province of Småland, Sweden.</p><br>
<p>It is situated in the southern part of the Nässjö Municipality, about 22 km southwest from Nässjö town. The summit area is quite flat, and it has a lookout tower which affords a view over the forested Småland landscape.</p><br>
<p>With a height of 377 meters (1,237 ft), Tomtabacken is the highest point in Småland province and in the southern land of Götaland.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Temperatures on Tomtabacken are lower all year round than those of the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>In January the mean daily temperature on the summit falls to around -4°C, which is similar to the temperature in Dalsland or Uppland, both of which are significantly further north. In July the mean daily temperature only reaches around 14°C, comparable with Jokkmokk on the Arctic circle. The annual mean daily temperature is below 5°C, comparable to Hudiksvall. Although snowfall usually occurs from November to April, in the nearby village of Spinkabo measurable snowfall was observed on September 30th, 1995 (12 cm) and June 14th, 1982 (7 cm). Since only three months have an mean daily temperature exceeding 10°C, the climate qualifies as subarctic.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Tomtabacken is accessible by road from the nearby towns of Malmbäck or Vrigstad, or on foot along the Höglandsleden trail, which passes beside the lookout tower.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Barnard House is a historic house and National Historic Landmark at 118 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut, United States. It was the lifelong home of educator Henry Barnard , an education reformer who was instrumental  in the development of the American public school system. Barnard established the statewide education systems of both Connecticut and Rhode Island, which served as models for the development of such infrastructure in other states. The house is now owned by a religious charity, which operates a homeless shelter on the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barnard House is a three story brick structure, five bays wide and three deep, with a side gable roof. The entrance is centered on the front facade, and is sheltered by a portico supported by paired fluted Ionic columns. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a semi-circular four leaf transom window and an entablature. The only other significant exterior styling is the modillioned cornice below the roof line. The interior of the house has been somewhat altered due to its later institutional use, but has retained a basic center hall plan with parlors on either side. The most significant alteration has been the addition of two large sections to the back of the house, which nearly triple its size. These are used to provide shelter space for the local homeless population.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807, and it was four years later that Henry Barnard was born here. At the time it was located in a fashionable neighborhood of the city, and originally included more land than it presently does. The house remained in the Barnard family until his death in 1900, when it was acquired by the Sisters of Mercy, who operate services for the homeless. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Henry Barnard was educated at Yale College, trained as a lawyer, and entered politics, winning election to the Connecticut state legislature in 1837. Barnard had studied education systems in Europe during travels there, and promoted legislation for statewide supervision of public education. He was thereafter appointed the states first secretary of education. Forced out of that post by political opponents, he was given a similar post in neighboring Rhode Island, where he promoted legislation creating the nations first normal school (teacher&#39;s college), passed in 1845. He then returned to Connecticut, where he became superintendent of schools, and oversaw establishment of its normal school. He later served in education-related posts in Wisconsin, Maryland, and was the first United States Commissioner of Education, appointed in 1867. He died in this house in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Sturges House is a historic house at 449 Mill Plain Road in Fairfield, Connecticut. Built in 1840 to a design by Joseph Collins Wells, it is one of the oldest-known and best-documented examples of architect-designed Gothic Revival architecture. It was designed and built for Jonathan Sturges , a New York City business man and patron of the arts, in whose family the property remains.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sturges House is a rambling wood-frame structure, with more than 30 rooms and 11 staircases. It was built in four stages between 1840 and 1895, and has seen relatively little alteration since then. The exterior is almost entirely clad in board-and batten siding, except for some gable ends which are clapboarded. The gables are typically steeply pitched, and are all decorated with bargeboard, pendants and finials. The single-story porch consists of segmented-arch sections decorated with latticework trim. The house&#39;s chimneys are topped by decorative pots or brickwork. The general massing of the structure is asymmetrical, at least partly a consequence of the three major additions made to the house, giving it a late Victorian structure with Gothic Revival trim.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house, built in 1840, is the first known commission of the British-born architect Joseph C. Wells, whose best-known commissions are the later First Presbyterian Church in Manhattan, and the Roseland Cottage in Woodstock, Connecticut (the latter is also a National Historic Landmark Gothic Revival summer house). It is one of the earliest known examples of architect-designed Gothic Revival architecture, a style more often taken by local builders from pattern books published by the styles proponents. Additions and alterations in 1846, 1883, and 1895 were probably also designed by architects, but plans have not been found. The Wells commission is extremely well-documented by the Sturges family, and includes original color drawings. Notable innovations in the houses design include a combined water closet and bathing room, a development that did not see wider acceptance until the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Sturges (1802–74) was a wealthy New York City businessman, and the grandson of Jonathan Sturges, who represented Fairfield in the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War. Sturges made his fortune as a wholesale grocer, and was a significant influence in the development of the art community in New York, commissioning artwork from American artists, and promoting the establishment of exhibition galleries modeled on the National Gallery of London.</p><br>
<p>The John Rogers Studio and Museum is the preserved studio of sculptor John Rogers, a popular American artist called "the peoples sculptor" in the latter 19th century. It is located at 13 Oenoke Ridge in New Canaan, Connecticut, on the grounds of the New Canaan Historical Society, which opens it to the public. The studio houses a collection of "Rogers Groups"&mdash;plaster statuettes often depicting two or more people. The display area has been reconfigured to reflect the feeling of the artists studio.</p><br>
<p>Rogers Groups often depicted people interacting with each other in a sentimental scene. According to the National Historic Landmarks Program of the National Park Service, the museum&#39;s collection is "one of the finest collections of Rogers groups in the nation".</p><br>
<p>The studio is a Gothic-Victorian gable-roofed building built in 1878. John Rogers&#39;s popularity stemmed from the way his statuary groups created scenes of everyday life with a sentimental feel that has been compared to the much later Norman Rockwell. Instead of working in bronze and marble, he sculpted in more affordable plaster, painted the color of putty to hide dust.</p><br>
<p>Rogers was prolific as well of popular. During his 33-year career he produced almost 80,000 plaster copies of his 86 "Rogers Groups." His statuettes decorated Victorian parlors throughout the United States.</p><br>
<p>Sculpture on display includes "The Traveling Magician", showing a magician pulling a rabbit out of a hat for two children, and "The Neighboring Pews", depicting a moment among people in church. "Union Refugees" depicts a scene from the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The studio was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In 2003 a $95,000 matching grant under the Save America&#39;s Treasures program included financing for a climate-control and air-filtration system to ensure long-term preservation of both the building and the collection.</p><br>
<p>The John Trumbull Birthplace, also known as the Governor Jonathan Trumbull House, is a historic house museum on the Lebanon Green in Lebanon, Connecticut. Built in 1735 by Joseph Trumbull as a wedding present for his son Jonathan , the house was a center of political and military strategy during the American Revolutionary War, when Jonathan Trumbull was Governor of Connecticut. It was also the birthplace of John Trumbull , an artist known for his depictions of the war and its people. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, wooden clapboard siding, and a large central chimney. Its centered entrance is flanked by fluted pilasters and topped by a transom window and an entablature. Two ells extend back from the house, joining it to another small cottage, used as a caretaker&#39;s residence. The first floor of the interior is divided into a parlor, dining room, and bedroom, with a kitchen and pantry in the ell. The second floor, in addition to bedrooms, has a secret "bolthole" chamber which Governor Trumbull used as an office. The house includes a selection of Trumbull possessions, as well as other period items.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Trumbull built the house in 1735, when his son Jonathan married Faith Robinson. Jonathan Trumbull was elected governor of the Connecticut Colony in 1769, and became the first governor of the independent state of Connecticut in 1776. One of Lebanon&#39;s leading citizens, he was also a successful merchant, managing his affairs from this house. During the years of the American Revolutionary War (1775–83) many meetings took place either here or in the adjacent War Office, which was originally connected to the house by a secret passage, and it functioned as a major logistical center for the northern states. A troop of French Army cavalry was stationed on the Lebanon Green during the winter of 1780-81, and these troops joined those of the Comte de Rochambeau when he marched through in 1781 en route to the Siege of Yorktown.</p><br>
<p>Jonathans son John Trumbull was born in the house June 6, 1756. He would go on to serve as an aide to George Washington in the war, and he was commissioned in the 19th century to paint four of the eight historical paintings which adorn the United States Capitol rotunda. He also painted portraits of many of the wars military leaders.</p><br>
<p>The house was moved several hundred feet to its present location in 1830. The Connecticut chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution purchased the property in 1934, and have operated it since then as a historic house museum. The property is open to the public on weekends from May through October.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Webb House is a historic Georgian-style house at 211 Main Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for its significance as the location of the General George Washington/Rochambeau  five-day military conference held in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War that preceded the Siege of Yorktown, the last major battle of the war in North America. Washington, in his words, "lodged...at the house of Joseph Webb", on the May 17, 1781. Located in Old Wethersfield, the Joseph Webb House is owned by the Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum and serves as its headquarters. The interior has been restored to an 18th-century appearance and the grounds feature a Colonial Revival garden and 19th-century barn in back.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in 1752 for Joseph Webb, the house remained in the family until around 1820 when it was sold to Martin Welles. It remained in the Welles family until 1913 when it was purchased by a group of businessmen who intended to use it as an athenaeum or a library, but a lack of funds saw its resale to Wallace Nutting. The house opened in 1916 as a part of Nuttings "Chain of Colonial Picture Houses". Nutting sold the house to the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in 1919, who continue to operate it as a historic house museum. In 1996 and later in 2007, Nuttings murals and interpretive Colonial Revival elements were acknowledged and integrated with an exhibit showing his influence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Framed by Judah Wright in 1752 for Joseph Webb, the three-and-a-half story house was designed with a large gambrel roof that provides extra storage space. The executor of the estate was Silas Deane who assisted Mrs. Webb financially and emotionally. Deane later married Mrs. Webb and built a house next door. The eldest child, Joseph Webb Jr., then 12 at the time of his father&#39;s death, inherited the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1774, Joseph Webb Jr., also a successful merchant, married Abigail Chester and the couple remained in the house; they became well-known hosts and their house was nicknamed "Hospitality Hall". The houses fame stems from George Washingtons five night stay in the house, where he planned the Siege of Yorktown that led to American Independence with French general Comte de Rochambeau. Smithsonian magazine writer Howard Hugh suggests that the red wool flock wallpaper in the bedchamber where Washington slept was hung in anticipation of the general&#39;s arrival.</p><br>
<p>Webb Jr. sold the house in 1790 and it passed through different owners until it was purchased by Judge Martin Welles around 1820. Welles went on to modernize the southern half of the property. The house remained in the Welles family until the death of Welles&#39; grandson in 1913. The house was purchased by a group of businessmen who sought to operate it as athenaeum or a library; however a lack of funds resulted in its sale to Wallace Nutting in 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Wallace Nutting</h2><br>
<p>The Joseph Webb House was bought by antiquarian Wallace Nutting on February 9, 1916 to serve as a sales area and studio. Nutting commissioned painted murals for the front parlors and hallway.</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 1916, the Webb house was opened to the public with a 25 cent admission charge, but the American entry into World War I and the rationing of gasoline took its toll on Nutting&#39;s business.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial Dames</h2><br>
<p>The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America restored the house to before Nutting&#39;s changes with a team of preservationists; with the intention of restoring the appearance of the original construction.</p><br>
<p>The murals commissioned by Nutting were covered up with reproduction wallpapers, but a panel of the wall paper was torn off and the hallway murals were painted over. In 1996, the Dames acknowledged Wallace Nuttings interpretive focus of the Webb House and removed the wallpaper in the "Yorktown" parlor. In 2007, the murals in the northeast parlor were uncovered and reinterpretation of the room around the Colonial Revival period. An exhibit in the center hall of the house shows Wallace Nuttings influence.</p><br>
<p>The Webb-Deane-Stevens Museum gives tours of the house April through November, but requires appointments for tours for January through March. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>The Kensington Canal was a canal, about two miles long, opened in 1828 in London from the River Thames on the parish boundary between Chelsea and Fulham, along the line of Counter&#39;s Creek, to a basin near Warwick Road in Kensington. It had one lock near the Kensington Basin and wharves on the Fulham side, south of Lillie bridge. It was not commercially successful, and was purchased by a railway company, which laid a line along the route of the canal on the Fulham side. A second railway line followed in the filled-in littoral of the canal, thus one became London Underground&#39;s Wimbledon branch and the other, the West London Line.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>After some modifications, Cutbush&#39;s plan obtained Parliamentary sanction in 1824, and the Kensington Canal Company was incorporated in that year. William Edwardes and a group of his friends, including Sir John Scott Lillie, the second largest shareholder after Edwardes, were the proprietors; the cost of construction had been estimated as £7,969. The share capital of the company was £10,000 in one hundred shares of £100 each, and they had powers to raise an additional £5,000 if necessary.</p><br>
<p>However this was a gross under-estimate, and John Rennie estimated that more than £34,000 would be needed to complete the work properly, including the rebuilding of Stamford Bridge. Rennie&#39;s nominee, Thomas Hollinsworth, was brought in as surveyor to the Canal Company.</p><br>
<p>In May 1826 the Company obtained powers by another Act to raise a further £30,000. Notwithstanding this quadrupling of the anticipated cost of construction, the proprietors still entertained the notion of extending the canal northward to connect with the Grand Junction Canal at Paddington, involving eleven locks, was still under consideration.</p><br>
<p>The successful tenderer appears to have been Robert Tuck, probably in partnership with John Dowley. Work started in the same year, but was delayed by the bankruptcy of the contractor, Robert Tuck, and it was not opened until 12 August 1828.</p><br>
<h2>Open at last!</h2><br>
<p>After considerable difficulty in the construction, the canal finally opened on 12 August 1828. The Times newspaper reported that "Witnessed by an immense number of persons the Right Hon. Lord Kensington and a number of friends to the undertaking, embarked in a stately barge at Battersea-bridge and proceeded up the canal... The whole party entered the basin amidst the cheers of the multitudes assembled, the band on board playing God Save the King. This was followed in the evening by a sumptuous dinner with Lord Kensington in the chair and by his Lordship&#39;s command, and chiefly at his expense, a substantial dinner with a butt of porter was also given to about 200 of the workpeople."</p><br>
<p>The Annual Register described the canal as well as reporting the opening:</p><br>
<p>Opening of the Kensington Canal.—This ceremony, which had been reserved for the anniversary of his majesty&#39;s birth, was performed by Lord Kensington, and a number of friends to the undertaking, embarking in a barge at Battersea-bridge, and proceeding up the canal, accompanied by a number of craft loaded with timber, coals, sand &c., the first fruits of the speculation. The canal runs from the Thames, near Battersea-bridge, directly North two miles and a quarter, terminating close to the great Western road, half a mile distant from Kensington Palace: it is one hundred feet broad, and capable of affording passage for craft of one hundred tons burden; the basin is four hundred feet long by two hundred broad, and is situated in the most thriving and healthy part of the town. This canal, which is the only water conveyance to Kensington, has been completed at the expense of about 40,000 l., and its income from wharfs, tonnage &c. is calculated at about 2,500 l. per annum.</p><br>
<p>The Ordnance Survey plan made in 1850 confirms these features: there was a basin ("Kensington Canal Basin") near Kensington Road, and a lock immediately south of that location. The canal ran more or less straight in a south-south-easterly direction, turning east at the confluence to the River Thames at Chelsea Creek. There was a small basin and steps to street level immediately south of Richmond Road (now Lillie Road).</p><br>
<p>Traffic soon proved to be very limited, and in the mid-1830s Lord Holland described the canal as a total failure. Indeed it was such a fiasco that it became a regular feature of derision in the Punch magazine.</p><br>
<p>The River Thames is tidal at the point where the canal joined it, so the canal was also tidal up to the lock near Kensington. The tidal flow brought silt into the canal and the feed from Counter&#39;s Creek was inadequate to clear it, so that problems were soon experienced with obstruction to the passage of vessels. More seriously, the times of day when vessels could navigate the canal were extremely short and constantly changing.</p><br>
<h2>Rescued by a railway</h2><br>
<p>The proprietors of the canal had had ideas of extending it further north to join the Grand Junction Canal, but the cost of building the original section hugely exceeded the anticipated cost, and extension was out of the question.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1830s railways were being projected, in particular the London and Birmingham Railway and the Great Western Railway; both of these lines were to pass a little to the north of Kensington (at Willesden) and their London terminals were to be on the north-west fringe of London. Attention was given to gaining access for goods and minerals to and from the London docks, and proposals were developed for a railway branch to the canal; trans-shipping there to or from river lighters would give the desired connection.</p><br>
<p>A railway company was floated, called the Bristol, Birmingham and Thames Junction Railway, and when it was incorporated in 1836 it purchased the canal. The purchase price was £36,000, of which £10,000 was to be paid in cash and the remainder in shares in the new company.</p><br>
<p>The grandiose name of the railway was altered to the "West London Railway", and it built a short railway line from Willesden, joining with the main line railways there, to the canal basin. The railway line was leased to the London and Birmingham Railway in 1846, but it continued to own the canal; the Kensington Canal Company was wound up in the same year.</p><br>
<p>The railway and canal combination was utterly unsuccessful, and the hoped-for traffic, involving trans-shipment at Kensington, never appeared. The main line railways—the Great Western and the London and North Western Railway (as successor to the London and Birmingham Railway) – needed a rail connection to lines south of the Thames, and in 1859 an authorising Act of Parliament gave authority to a joint venture of several railway companies to extend the railway south from Kensington, converting the canal to a railway. At the southern end the railway diverged a little to the west of the canal, and crossed the Thames on a large bridge. This left a short stub of the original waterway in existence, from the Thames almost to Stamford Bridge: it served flour mills and the Imperial Gas Works, until traffic ceased in 1967.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the railway built over the remainder of the canal, and the later railway developments in Earls Court completely obliterated the canal. Its original course can best be understood by considering the route of the present-day West London Line from the Thames to Kensington (Olympia) station.</p><br>
<p>The Kimberly Mansion is a historic house at 1625 Main Street in Glastonbury, Connecticut. It was the home of Abby and Julia Evelina Smith, political activists involved in causes including abolitionism and womens suffrage. By contesting the assessment on their property and protesting against "taxation without representation," they brought international attention to the cause of womens rights.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Smith family hosted abolitionist meetings and lectures in their home and on their lawn. They collected signatures for an anti-slavery petition and sent it to former president John Quincy Adams to present to Congress.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, late in their lives, they became tax resisters when they began a two-year fight with local authorities over an inequitable property tax assessment on their property, Kimberly Farm. They owned the most valuable property in town and believed they were being exploited by the town tax collector. In Connecticut at the time, women had no vote and therefore no voice in the disposition of their taxes. They refused to pay their tax until they were given representation. Abby took their concerns to the town council where she said:</p><br>
<p>The motto of our government is Proclaim liberty to all inhabitants of the land! and here, where liberty is so highly extolled and glorified by every man in it, one-half of the inhabitants are not put under her laws, but are ruled over by the other half, who can take all they possess. How is Liberty pleased with such worship?</p><br>
<p>The town responded by seizing their Alderney cows, auctioning them off and attempting to auction their farm as well. The sisters were able to buy the cows back and fought the town in court, ultimately winning. The case brought wide national attention to the sisters, their cows and the cause of women&#39;s suffrage.</p><br>
<p>The sisters came from an accomplished and nonconformist family. The sisters&#39; parents were Zephaniah Smith, a lawyer and former Sandemanian minister, and Hannah Hickok, an amateur mathematician and poet. There were three other sisters: Hancy, an inventor; Laurilla, an artist and Cyrinthia, a poet. She published the translation herself in 1876 as an example of the accomplishments that women are capable of.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974 for its association with the Smith sisters and its role in their protest. The large wooden two-story farmhouse was built in the early 18th century by the Connecticut politician Eleazer Kimberly. Zephaniah Smith bought the house in 1790.</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette B. Mendel House is an historic Italianate house at 18 Trumbull Street in New Haven, Connecticut. This building, designed by New Haven architect Henry Austin, was the home of Yale University physiology professor, Lafayette Benedict Mendel  from 1900–1924. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its association with Mendel, who discovered vitamins A and B, and greatly expanded knowledge of nutrition and food-related biochemistry. The building now houses a law firm.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mendel House is a two story brick building, three bays wide, with a hip roof that has a square cupola at its center, and wide eaves. The main entrance is sheltered by a portico supported by Doric columns. The building is not particularly sophisticated in its architecture, and has been attributed to New Haven architect Henry Austin. It stands in a neighborhood that was developed predominantly in the 1880s, but its construction date is now generally given as 1858 and the house is depicted in a map of the City of New Haven from 1879. The interior of the house has retained much of its original woodwork and styling, despite the addition of partitioning for use as professional offices. The house was purchased by Lafayette Mendel in 1900, and was his home until 1924.</p><br>
<p>Mendel was born in New York City in 1873 to German immigrants, and entered Yale University in 1887 as the youngest member of his class. After receiving a Ph.D focused on classical liberal arts, he became an assistant at Yale&#39;s Sheffield Scientific School, in the biochemistry lab of Russell Henry Chittenden. During a long and distinguished career there, he made significant advances in the understanding of nutrition and digestion, identifying the chemical compositions of some foods, and isolating and identifying substances in milk critical for the maintenance of life that we now call vitamins. In collaboration with Thomas B. Osborne, Mendel substantially advanced knowledge of amino acids, and quantified the nutritive differences between different types of proteins.</p><br>
<p>The Gerald Harbach Round Barn is a round barn near Eleroy, an unincorporated community in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The builder and designer of the building are unknown but it is very similar to round barns designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Hass Brothers. It was probably built around the same time as the James Bruce Round Barn, erected in 1914, in Freeport. The Harbach Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 55 foot (16.8 m) diameter Gerald Harbach Round Barn stands upon a poured concrete foundation near the unincorporated community of Eleroy in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The wood sided exterior has been covered in asphalt since the buildings construction. The barns main, ground level entrance, is in the west quadrant and over the entrance is the loft door which is a rectangular opening in the ceiling. Each rafter of the single hip roof is braced with a nailed beam four feet (1.2 m) above and four feet (1.2 m) below, on the opposite side, the roof hip. In addition, there are beams nailed diagonally between the studs in the loft to brace the building against strong winds. The roof exterior is capped with a short cupola.</p><br>
<p>Out of the extant barns in Stephenson County that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places the Harbach Round Barn is the most altered from its original state. The two, interior loft plates have been replaced with steel beams, hoisted by steel jacks. The animal entrance, in the southeast quadrant of the barn, has also been sealed since the building is primarily used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The precise builder and designer of the Harbach Round Barn are unknown. The characteristics of the roof joints and studs suggest that the barn was built around the same time as the Charles Fehr Round Barn, near Orangeville, and the James Bruce Round Barn near Freeport, though, much like the designer, the exact date of construction is unknown. The Bruce Round Barn, a Shaffer and Haas structure was built in 1914. These characteristics also suggest that the barn was designed by the Haas Brothers&ndash;Jeremiah Shaffer team.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Gerald Harbach Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin. Twenty one of those barns, including the Harbach Round Barn are within Stephenson County.</p><br>
<p>The Harbach Round Barn is an example of a noteworthy design variation within round barn design, specifically because of its specially braced roof. It is not entirely unique; its cupola and roof make it very similar to the Fehr Round Barn. The main difference in the Fehr and Harbach Round Barns is the Harbach&#39;s lack of a central storage silo. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is a round barn in the USA state of Illinois near the unincorporated Stephenson County community of Eleroy. The barn was built in 1930 by Herman Altenbern and has a diameter of 54 feet . The barn is representative of the last round barn design variations that evolved. The Otte Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn was built in 1930 by Herman Altenbern for Carl Richards near the community of Eleroy in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. Richards&#39; father had a round barn previously erected.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is 54 feet (16.5 m) in diameter and stands upon a poured concrete foundation. The barn&#39;s main entrance is found in its east quadrant, where it faces due east. The door opens into a central crib which bisects the building. Animal stalls are arranged on either side of the crib in a semi circular pattern, they are divided with hewn and sawed posts which support a concentric loft plate with a radius of about 27 feet (8.2 m). The single hip roof is supported by a 2 by 6 inch (5.1 by 15.2 cm) beam nailed to each rafter four feet (1.2 m) above, and four feet (1.2 m) below on the opposite side, the roof hip. This is similar to the nearby Gerald Harbach Round Barn. The wooden shingled roof is capped by a short, squat cupola. The loft plate, the flooring and the loft piers were all constructed from previously used materials.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Dennis Otte Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago County, Stephenson County and Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>While the design of the Otte Round Barn is consistent with the designs found during the second phase of Stephenson County, Illinois round barn construction it does have key differences which set it apart from other similar barns. Similarities are found in the single hip roof, the squat cupola and the special rafter bracing technique. The use of salvaged materials reflects the Depression era economy during which the Otte Round Barn was constructed. These characteristic reflect the last design variation found in Stephenson County round barns. The Otte Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn is a round barn in the USA state of Illinois near the Stephenson County village of Orangeville. The barn was built in 1912 by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers about one half mile from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin state border. The building is the first round barn in the Stephenson County area, home to 31 round barns, with a hip roof. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn was built in 1912 for Walter Knott. The building stands on a concrete foundation near the Stephenson County village of Orangeville, about one half mile from the Illinois&ndash;Wisconsin state border.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original design of the 56 foot (17.1 m) diameter round barn included a rooftop cupola as well as a silo on the barns southeast quadrant. Both of these features are no longer extant, the barn is otherwise in unaltered condition. The structure was built and designed by the team of Jeremiah Shaffer and the Haas Brothers. The loft is supported by a central concrete shaft, at its apex joists radiate outward from it. Access to the loft is obtained through an earthen ramp on the buildings west side and the animal entrance is found on the barns southeast side. Both entrances are covered by an overhang. The single hip roof is braced on its interior by a 2 by 6 inch (5.1 by 15.2 cm) beam nailed to each rafter four feet (1.2 m) above, and four feet (1.2 m) below on the opposite side, the roof hip. The exterior wooden roof is covered with asphalt shingles and the barns original siding has been covered with sheet metal.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Fehr Round Barn is one of 31 round barns that were constructed in a four county area, the Stephenson County area, that includes Winnebago and Stephenson Counties as well as Rock and Green Counties in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The Fehr Round Barn illustrates the evolution of round barn design, especially in the Stephenson County area. The barn was the first in the area to be built with a hip roof. This roof style set the structures design apart from the typical round barn designed based on recommendations from the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin–Madisons Agricultural Experiment Stations. The building represents the ability of local builders and designers to create their own ideas without the stations influence. The Fehr Round Barn was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1984 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
